DNA/RNA structure
What does 1 DNA nucleotide contain?
1 nitrogenous base(A,T,C,G), a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group
Where does transcription and translation occur?
translation - on ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm
What are the 4 protein structures?
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quartenary
What are the 2 different types of mutations and what mutations are within them?
frameshift mutations (insertion, deletion)
substitution (missense, nonsense, silent)
What are enzymes and what do they do for the body?
- biological catalysts in all living organisms
- they speed up chemical reactions, reducing the amount of energy needed (saves energy)
What are the three types of RNA and their function?
2) tRNA - brings amino acids one at a time corresponding to the codon sequence on the mRNA
3) rRNA - binds to ribosomes (needed in protein synthesis)
What happens in transcription and translation?
transcription - the mRNA strand reads the DNA template strand and creates a strand complementary to it
translation - codons are decoded into a sequence of amino acids
What is a polypeptide and what does it consist of?
it is a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence
consists of -- hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, amino group, and a variable R group
FIX THESE STATEMENTS:
nonsense mutation: has no effect on the amino acid sequence
silent mutation: changes an amino acid in an amino acid sequence
missense mutation: creates a stop codon
nonsense: creates a stop codon
silent: has no effect on sequence
missense: changes an amino acid in an amino acid sequence
what is activation energy? (Ea)
The minimum amount of energy that must be available to the reactants for a chemical reaction to occur
Whats are 2 difference between a purine and pyrimidine?
1) purine bases are A and G - pyrimidine bases are C and T
2) purine bases have 2 rings - pyrimidines have 1 ring
What direction does transcription and translation occur?
transcription - 3' to 5' ends
translation - 5' to 3' ends
What causes denaturation? And what does denaturation effect?
causes of denaturation=changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature
denaturation effects... ionic and hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges (maintain the proteins shape)
What frameshift mutation makes the sequence longer?
insertion
What is the active site and where is it located?
it is where the substrate binds to (like a key and a lock)
located on the enzyme
What does a strand of DNA contain and what would you label?
nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G), phosphate groups, 3' and 5' ends, hydrogen bonds, deoxyribose sugar
Is this mRNA codon sequence valid? If no, why?
AGUCGGCUAGCUU
no, because there is no start codon
What are the interactions in a tertairy structure?
1) hydrogen bonds (polar R groups)
2) ionic bonds (charged R groups)
3) hydrophobic bonds (nonpolar R groups)
4) hydrophilic bonds (polar R groups)
5) disulfide bridges (2 or more sulfur atoms)
what causes mutations? (not sure we need to know)
errors in DNA replication during cell division
What does a pH scale consist of?(describe the levels)
nuetral = 7
as levels decrease (6-1 (H+)), acidity increases
as levels increase (8-14 (OH-)), alkanity (basic) increases
Name the 3 differences between RNA and DNA structure
1) RNA is single stranded - DNA is double stranded
2) RNA=AUCG - DNA=ATCG
3) RNA has a ribose sugar - DNA has a deoxyribose sugar
What DNA strand is the newly created mRNA strand almost identical to?
the non template DNA strand
What makes up each protein structure?
primary - unique sequence of amino acids
secondary - hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the backbone (shapes developed - alpha helix coils, beta-pleaded sheets)
tertiary - interactions between R groups ad R groups and the polypeptide backbone (interactions discussed in different question)
quartenary - aggregation of 2 or more polypeptide chains
make a nonsense mutation to this DNA sequence, and use that to make a mutant mRNA code
...ATGGCTGCGAGC
possible correct answer (italisized is the mutation):
mutated DNA: ATG A CTGTGAGC
mutated mRNA: UAC U GACCUCG
- the "UGA" codon codes for a "stop" codon which is what a nonsense mutation does
Describe the 3 relationships with enzyme activity --Substrate concentration, temperature, and pH (basically a claim made for each one - include collisions when needed)
substrate concentration: as substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity also increases (collisons are caused)
temperature: as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases and the kinetic energy also increases which causes collision (reaction rate goes up)
pH: As pH levels move further away from the optimal pH, the enzyme activity decreases