5.1
What are the two chemical groups on the ends of each fatty acid?
BONUS: tell me what each group consists of
Methyl (CH3) & Carboxyl (COOH)
What is the difference between an unsaturated and a saturated fatty acid?
Unsaturated have double & single bonds, saturated have only single bonds.
How many total amino acids are there?
BONUS: How many essential & nonessential
20 total – 9 essential, 11 nonessential
What type of bond links two amino acids?
Peptide Bond
What is the number one leading cause of death in the US?
Heart Disease, more than 600,000 deaths per year
What type of fat is least likely to spoil? Saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
Naturally occurring trans fats are not counted as trans fats on food labels. True or false?
BONUS: Why?
True, because only commercially/synthetically made trans fats are harmful
What is the RDA for protein for adults?
0.8 g/kg/BW
Which part of amino acid structure varies?
BONUS: What else is in the amino acid structure?
Side Group
Carbon, Hydrogen, Amino Group, & Acid Group
Which gender has the earlier onset of CVD risk factors?
BONUS: By what age do half of US adults have at least 1 major risk factor?
Men, 20 years old
What are two advantages of hydrogenation?
Protects against rancidity (improves shelf life) & improves texture of foods
What are the desired lipoprotein values?
LDL = <100 mg/dL, HDL = >60 mg/dL
What is the difference between ammonia and urea?
BONUS: which is high because of liver disease & why? which is high because of kidney disease & why?
Ammonia is produced by deamination and converted to urea. Ammonia = NH3. Urea = 2NH3 + CO2
Liver Disease = high blood ammonia
Kidney Disease = high blood urea
List five of the roles of proteins.
What is an atherogenic diet?
A diet high in saturated & trans fat, low in fruits/vegetables & whole grains.
Elevates LDL cholesterol.
What are the two routes of lipid absorption?
Short & medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into cells & bloodstream. Long-chain fatty acids are emulsified by bile & form micelles. The micelles diffuse into cells & are transported to blood by chylomicrons.
List three benefits of the Mediterranean Diet.
Lowers the risk of CHD, some cancers, Diabetes Mellitus, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Higher life expectancy and favorable effects on body weight.
Explain the process of protein digestion.
Starts in mouth, crushed & moistened. Moves to stomach where hydrochloric acid denatures. Moves to small intestine where protease & peptidase split into single amino acids.
How many grams of protein are in each of the following:
one oz of protein food
1 cup of milk products
1 serving of fruits, vegetables, & grains
Protein foods = 7 grams
Milk = 8 grams
Fruits = none
Vegetables = 2 grams
Grains = 3 grams
Elevated = 120-129/<80
Hypertension = >130/>80
Tell me the 4 types of 18 carbon acids, the number of double bonds each has, and their level of saturation.
BONUS: Which types are omega-3 & omega-6?
Stearic Acid, 0 double bonds, saturated. Oleic acid, 1 double bonds, monounsaturated. Linoleic acid, 2 double bonds, polysaturated. Linolenic acid, 3 double bonds, polyunsaturated.
Omega-3: linolenic
Omega-6: linoleic
Explain the process of lipid digestion.
Starts in mouth with lingual lipase. Moves to stomach, mixed with chyme by contractions, gastric lipase breaks down. Moves to small intestine, pancreatic lipase is present. Bile emulsifies lipids into water.
Explain the process of protein synthesis.
DNA is used as template for mRNA. mRNA leaves nucleus, attaches to ribosome and tRNA. As mRNA is read, tRNA collects amino acids and eventually creates a protein.
What are the four types of amino acid sequencing, and why does each occur?
Primary – chemical bonds. Secondary – Electrical attractions. Tertiary – Side group interactions. Quaternary – 2+ polypeptides
List six risk factors associated with chronic diseases.
BONUS: identify which ones are modifiable & nonmodifiable
Age, gender, CHD in family, high LDL, low HDL, high BP, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, & atherogenic diet