Spanish Expansion
How was Hernan Cortes and his 500 men able to collapse the Aztec Empire?
By creating alliances with different conquered groups inside of the Aztec Empire.
When did the Spanish begin to establish missions in Alta California?
1769
What was the main economic reason for France to pursue a presence in North America?
The Fur Trade
What year did the French and Indian War Begin? What year did it end?
1754 - 1763
A military fort or prison - the California mission system was paralleled by five presidios, which were intended to defend the Spanish lands and settlements in Alta California
Presidio
What was the result of the Treaty of Tordesilla?
Portugal was given colonial rights to Brazil, and Spain was given colonial rights to the rest of the Americas.
What were the economic and cultural reasons for the establishment of the missions?
Economic = self-sufficiency of colonies in California
Cultural = assimilation and conversion to Christianity
Describe the difference between the Spanish and French approach to settlement in the Americas.
Spain established Viceroyalties, the mission system, and presidios to govern and assimilate
France established small settlements along fur trade route and fostered relationships with Native American groups
What was the major cause of the French and Indian War?
France and England wanted control of the Ohio River valley
They wanted access to the furs
They could not agree on boundaries
What relationship does this wampum belt represent?
The Covenant Chain - the treaties, councils, and alliances that governed the relationship between Britain and the Iroquoi confederacy?
What political units were created by Spain to govern its colonial territories?
Viceroyalties
What are two ways in which the mission system negatively affect Native American societies?
Native Americans were not allowed to practice their cultural traditions, speak their language, or practice their religion
Spanish cattle ranches depleted the natural resources that Native American communities had survived and thrived on
Communities were displaced by the construction of missions, or displaced themselves to escape the control of missions
Native Americans had their freedom stripped of them
Which Native American tribes did Samuel de Champlain first establish alliances with?
Huron
Montagnais
Algonquin
What is one reason why the French lost the war?
Montcalm did not trust his Native American Allies or the French Canadians, which caused him to undervalue and underuse them - eventually this led to Native AMerican allies abandoning the French
The French forces in North America did not have the same level of financial and military support as the British
What does this wampum belt signify?
The Iroquois Confederacy - The Great Law of Peace
The hierarchy of social classes in New Spain was based predominantly on what factor?
Race (or level of separation from Spain)
How did the artists perspective/bias affect their depiction of life for NAtive Americans in the mission system? 1st photo
Negative perspective not present
The painter was paid by a former general who put down Native American revolts
The painter was not present during the time of the missions
Which European country corresponds with each colored region? Map = purple, orange, and green
Purple = Spain
Orange = France
Green = Britain
What were the six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (in the 1750s), and where is their traditional territory?
Mohawk, Oneida, Ononda, Tuscarora, Cayuga, and Seneca around the great lakes
Define “assimilate” and provide an example from this unit
Definition:to absorb into the cultural tradition of a population or group
Example: The mission system was established in part to assimilate Native americans into Spanish Culture and Christianity.
What was Queen Isabella’s and Spain’s, connection to Pope Alexander VI, and how did that positively influence Spain’s colonization of the Americas?
Alexander was himself Spanish, which made him look favourably on the Spanish “claims” to the Americas
Which painting do you think is more reliable? Why? 1st and 2nd
The presidio (right) as the painter would not have directly profited from depicting the scene one way or the other, and was present for the event (first-hand account)
Name a French explorer, the year they arrived, and where they went.
In 1524 the French king sent Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the Atlantic coast. He explored from the present day Carolinas as far north as Maine.
1534, an explorer named Jacques Cartier found the St. Lawrence River and claimed the land that is now Quebec. On his second voyage, Cartier sailed up the river to an island he named Montréal.
In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded a fur trading post at Quebec, France’s first permanent settlement in the New World.
In 1666 a French noble, the Sieur de la Salle, emigrated to become a fur trader. He explored the Great Lakes region and followed the Mississippi Valley to its mouth. He claimed the territory for France, naming it Louisiana after France’s king, Louis XIV.
What were 3 outcomes (effects) of the French and Indian war?
The war brought economic benefits to the colonists who profited by supplying the British Army.
The war had a unifying effect on the Colonists.
The war put Britain into considerable debt, which they would try to get the colonists to pay for through taxes.
The Proclamation of 1763 drew a line along the Appalachian mountains, reserving land on the western side for Native Americans.
While the colonists fought on the side of the British, the war caused tension between them to increase.
What is the Proclamation Line of 1763?
Resulted from the Royal Proclamation of 1763
Created a line that British colonists could not go past (west)
Stopped expansion into the Ohio River valley