Concept 1
What type of radiation has the longest wavelength and lowest energy?
Radio waves
What do Lewis structures show?
The element symbol and its valence electrons.
What is the maximum number of electrons in an s orbital?
2
What is a periodic trend?
A pattern that repeats across the periodic table and helps predict element properties.
What type of ion does a metal form?
Cation
What happens to an electron when it absorbs energy from light?
It jumps to a higher energy level
How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?
5
Write the electron configuration for oxygen.
1s² 2s² 2p⁴
What happens to atomic radius as you move down a group?
It increases.
What type of ion does a nonmetal form?
Anion
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Inverse; as the wavelength increases, frequency decreases
Draw the Lewis structure for fluorine.
F with 7 dots
What principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first?
Aufbau Principle
What happens to ionization energy as you move right across a period?
It increases.
Metals become more reactive as you move in which directions?
down and left
What determines the color of light emitted by an atom?
The amount of energy released as electrons fall to lower energy levels
According to the octet rule, what do atoms want to achieve?
8 electrons in the outer shell
Which rule states that orbitals of equal energy each get one electron before any orbital gets a second?
Hund's rule
Which element has the higher electronegativity — oxygen or sulfur?
Oxygen
What are the oxidation numbers of Group 1 and Group 17 elements?
+1 and –1
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength and highest frequency?
Gamma rays
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have, and what is its Lewis structure?
5 valence electrons; P with 5 dots.
Write the noble gas configuration for calcium.
[Ar] 4s²
Explain Coulomb’s Law in simple terms.
As atomic number increases, nuclear charge increases, pulling electrons closer to the nucleus.
Explain why nonmetals increase in reactivity as you move up and right.
They more easily gain electrons due to higher electronegativity and smaller atomic radius.