Energy
The energy in a system available to do work
Free energy
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Enzymes
The overall purpose of cellular respiration
to break down glucose and produce ATP
What organism can make glucose from CO₂, H₂O, and light
plant
A measure of disorder or randomness in a system
entropy
The “energy currency” of the cell
ATP
The first step of glucose catabolism in the cytoplasm that produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH
glycolysis
Light-driven reactions produce these two molecules used in the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
Type of process that can occur without additional energy input
spontaneous process
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds
active site
Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix that produces NADH, FADH₂, CO₂, and 2 ATP per glucose
citric acid cycle (a.k.a. Krebs cycle)
The cycle in the stroma that fixes carbon to make glucose
Calvin cycle
Reactions that release energy vs reactions that require energy (name them)
exergonic vs endergonic
Factors that can affect the rate of enzymatic reactions
temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, or inhibitors
Process that produces ATP using the electrons carried by NADH and FADH₂
oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
Overall photosynthesis reaction: inputs are CO₂ + H₂O + light, outputs are ____?
glucose + O₂
Even spontaneous reactions don’t happen immediately because they require this initial energy to start
activation energy
Process of cells regenerating ATP by adding a phosphate group back to ADP
phosphorylation
Process used when oxygen is unavailable that produces only 2 ATP per glucose
fermentation (lactic acid or alcohol)
This process in animals breaks down glucose to make ATP; it is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis
cellular respiration