Biotic Natural Resources
Abiotic Natural Resources
Collecting data on natural resources
Methods of monitoring Biodiversity
Collecting Data and Understanding Human Impact
100
The two different types of trees in Canada's forests:
This type are hardwoods, are slow-growing, and have broad leaves. This slow growth makes the wood denser and harder. Common Canadian ----------- trees are maple, birch, and ash.
------- trees, or softwoods, such as pine and spruce, grow much faster and have thin needles instead of broad leaves. These trees are also called evergreens because they do not lose their leaves in the winter. They reproduce by dropping seeds clustered in cones
Deciduous and Coniferous
100
These type of minerals: metals such as gold, nickel, silver, and iron ore
Metallic minerals
100
How old is this tree?
About 16 years old
100
- Individuals or research teams conducting field studies to get up-close details about the environment by observing it directly is called a ----------- study
Field
100
This type of data is descriptive and can include the general appearance of the environment, as well as the plants and animals observed. It often requires less time to gather and can easily provide an overall picture of the environment. Observations such as “Many of the trees have dead limbs hanging from them” or “The water level in the river is lower than usual and it appears awfully muddy” can be very useful to these types of studies.
Qualitative
200
The two main methods for harvesting wood
----------- involves removing all the trees from a region, leaving only small scrub behind. Forestry companies prefer this method because it is more profitable. This method allows them to do less planning and to remove all the trees quickly. It takes less time, provides the companies with more lumber, and costs less money.
With --------------- only particular trees are cut down. The largest and most valuable trees are removed, while younger ones are left to grow. Erosion is not as severe because many trees are left to anchor the soil with their roots. In addition, many trees are left to produce seeds to repopulate the forest. The area also seems more appealing to tourists since many trees are left standing.
Clear-cutting and selective cutting
200
non-metallic minerals such as potash, sand, and gravel used to make support structures in things like buildings or bridges
Structural minerals
200
A new method of promoting faster growth in forests is called ---------------. Undesirable trees are removed from young forests before they are mature enough to be commercially valuable. The higher-quality trees that are left have access to more sunlight, moisture, and nutrients, which allow them to grow much faster and stay healthier. The trees can be harvested sooner and produce a better-quality lumber that is sold for higher prices.
Thinning
200
3. --------------------- programs are partnerships between local Indigenous communities and other community stakeholders to collect data and monitor the environment directly.
Community Based Monitoring (CBM) programs are partnerships between local Indigenous communities and other community stakeholders to collect data and monitor the environment directly.
200
----------------- data is gathered from observations require direct measurement and can include estimating the number of organism’s present (quadrat sampling), measuring such things as temperature, wind speed, moisture, pH of water and soil, water clarity, and water quality. It takes more time to collect this type of data and often requires more equipment.
Quantitative Data
300
Some fish species, such as cod, have drastically decreased in population. Echo sounders allow fishing vessels to detect fish underwater, and new, well-designed gigantic fishing nets allow these boats to scoop up record amounts of fish, which can lead to ----------------------. Due to human activities, there are rapid decreases in fish populations due to -------- --------.
Some ways to harvest fish include Aquaculture (an area of water in the ocean or a lake is actually blocked off and fish are grown in this contained area, similar to a farmer with livestock on land)
Overfishing and climate change
300
This type of rock is located in a wide ring around Hudson Bay that forms the Canadian Shield. This rock is more likely to contain precious metals such as gold, silver, and nickel. -----------------
Forms when tremendous heat and pressure builds up in igneous rock. These pockets occur in large regions all over Canada. You are more likely to find metals such as lead, zinc, and iron ore in this type of rock ---------
Surrounds the Canadian Shield in the Prairie Provinces. These layers of rock are formed over millions of years using erosion to form the layers and pressure to change the layers into solid rock. This type of rock is more likely to contain fossil fuels than minerals. ---------------
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rock
300
Small tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in ---------- (normal/ wet/ dry) and (normal/warm/ cool) climate
Medium tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in ---------- (normal / wet / dry) and (normal/warm/ cool) climate
Large tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in ---------- (normal / wet / dry) and (normal/warm/ cool) climate
Small tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in dry and cool climate conditions.
Medium tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in normal conditions of temperature and humidity
Large tree rings indicate that the trees have been grown in wet and warm climate
300
- The use of ----------- -------------, where helicopters or planes are used to study larger areas. This method allows scientists to identify general environmental patterns quickly in a specific region.
The use of aerial imagery, where helicopters or planes are used to study larger areas. This method allows scientists to identify general environmental patterns quickly in a specific region.
300
Some ecosystems change slowly over time because of natural environmental factors that allow some species to move in while others die out.
It is natural for ecosystems to change gradually over time. This gradual change in an ecosystem through natural processes is called ------------------.
------------------- succession occurs in an area where organisms were not previously present, such as an area covered by a lava flow
When succession occurs in an area where species are already present, it is called ---------------- succession. In cases like this, a gradual shift in populations occurs with one population increasing while others may decline. The common cause for secondary succession is a change in an area’s weather patterns. These changes usually occur very slowly over many thousands of years or more.
It is natural for ecosystems to change gradually over time. This gradual change in an ecosystem through natural processes is called succession
primary succession occurs in an area where organisms were not previously present, such as an area covered by a lava flow
When succession occurs in an area where species are already present, it is called --secondary succession.
400
The 4 types of fossil fuels:
1. Huge drills are used to dig narrow shafts down through rock to get to the ----------------- and oil. This is typically trapped in the rock above the oil deposit. (It is different from the gasoline used to run cars, which is an oil by-product in liquid form.) ------------- is a vapor that is pumped up from the ground and then through long pipelines to different parts of Canada and the United States. It is often used in home heating and for gas stoves.
2. To get the liquid ---- out of the ground, huge ----- rigs pump the ---- up to ground level. What emerges is called crude ------ because it contains many different substances that must be refined before it can be used. This is then pumped to a refinery, which uses heat to separate the different parts. Some of these components are gasoline to run cars, jet fuel, lubricating engines, and kerosene.
3. The oil here is locked in the soil and very hard to remove. Many think the environmental cost of producing oil from this region is too high to pay. Every day, the Athabasca ------------ produce more than one million barrels of oil. To do it, however, enough earth is moved to fill a baseball stadium, and every barrel of oil requires more than three barrels of water to help pump it out. Consist of large deposits of oil mixed in with sand. Some of the oil in this area lies right on the surface, and no pumping is required. Most of these surface deposits have been used up. This extraction method involves scooping up large quantities of soil, separating the oil from the soil, and then putting the soil back.
4. Also created from decaying plant matter, but it is usually found in different locations. At one time, ------------ was commonly used to heat homes and move trains. It is now used to produce electricity. -------- forms when plants die in swampy areas and sink beneath the water. This abundant decaying plant material piles up on the bottom in thick layers, forming a brown material called peat. Over millions of years, the water evaporates, and many layers of sediment, rock, and additional peat pile up on top, and the pressure turns the peat into ---------.
Most of the -------- mined in Canada comes from the Prairie provinces and appears near the surface. This allows companies to use large open pit mines (sometimes called surface mines) to remove the --------- instead of deep underground shafts. All the vegetation and soil in the area must first be stripped away to allow the large cranes and trucks to get to the -------.
1. Natural gas
2. Oil
3. Oil Sands
4. Coal
400
To get at minerals to extract them, two different mining techniques can be used:
If the minerals lie close to the surface, large mechanical diggers remove all the vegetation and topsoil and then just dig them out. This is called -----------
If the minerals lie deep beneath the surface, long deep -------- are used to get at them. These underground mines have horizontal tunnels called slopes that veer off to the sides to get at the minerals.
1. open pit mining
2. Shafts
400
-------------------- is used to gather information about fish populations and to obtain fish scales.
Fish use ---------- to help protect themselves from predators. If they are lost, they
----------- (can/cannot) easily be regrown and fish can grow more than one ring of
these in an year since they have --------- (one/two/several) growth spurts in a single
year. The thicker and larger these are, the ----------- (older/younger) these fish are
Catch and release is used to gather information about fish populations and to obtain fish scales.
Fish are covered by small, hard scales that help protect them from predators and infection. As a fish gets larger, these scales grow to keep the fish covered and protected.
The fish can grow more than one ring in a year since they can have several growth spurts in a single year. The thicker and larger the scales, the older the fish are
400
The use of ----------------- to monitor very large regions to help identify overall patterns and trends in the ------------------- that can affect entire provinces, all of Canada, or even the world.
The use of satellites to monitor very large regions to help identify overall patterns and trends in the environment that can affect entire provinces, all of Canada, or even the world.
400
Ecosystems can also change drastically when people introduce a species into an area. The effect of ------------ species on an ecosystem is quite different from succession and occurs much more rapidly. These species are very dangerous to the environment and human intervention is often required to help the native species survive.
Some typical traits of invasive species include the ability to grow and reproduce ------------------ (slowly / rapidly), to spread out in the area quickly, to tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions, and to live off many different food sources. These invasive species can be introduced, or they can spread into an ecosystem in many different ways. They can come in as either intentional or unintentional passengers on boats
In fact, invasive species have been ranked as the second most devastating factor to biodiversity after loss of -------------
Invasive species
Some typical traits of invasive species include the ability to grow and reproduce rapidly, to spread out in the area quickly, to tolerate a wide variety of environmental conditions, and to live off many different food sources. These invasive species can be introduced, or they can spread into an ecosystem in many different ways. They can come in as either intentional or unintentional passengers on boats
In fact, invasive species have been ranked as the second most devastating factor to biodiversity after loss of habitat.
500
--------- (including all living animals) is also considered a natural resource:
1. Some people hunt and fish to supply food or as a hobby, which can lead to their endangerment
2. Some people go hiking not only for the exercise but to enjoy the plants and animals. Many people bring cameras to get a picture of a colorful tree in the fall, a deer near a river, or birds and butterflies.
NOW NAME ALL OF THE BIOTIC NATRUAL RESOURCES
Wildlife (including all living animals) is also considered a natural resource.
1. forests
2 fish
3. fossil fuels
4. wildlife.
500
This resource Canada is very lucky in that it currently has about 20% of the world’s fresh-water supply. Compared to most nations, Canada has an abundance of ------------------. -------------- is used for drinking, for lawns and gardens, and for bathing.
Recreation is also a large part of Canadian culture and includes skating, swimming, boating, and fishing.
From a commercial perspective, -------- is essential for growing crops on farms, for obtaining oil, and for cooling in electricity generation.
Used extensively in the manufacturing industries as a coolant for stone-cutting saws and operating engines. Some heating systems for buildings use heated ---------
Water
500
If the area is large, it will be impossible to count each and every plant, even if you consider just a single species. There could be millions of these plants in a large area, and even with the help of an army of people it still would be almost impossible and very expensive. To solve this problem, scientists count the number of species present in a much smaller area and then use the smaller area to estimate the number of plants in the total area USING ---------------- SAMPLING
Estimate how many of BROADLEAVES using this type of sampling 
QUADRAT SAMPLING
Estimated Broadleaves in the field
= 1+1+1+1+2 /5
= 6/5 x total area
= 6/5 x 100
= 600/5
= 120 broadleaves
500
1. --------------------- refers to species that are beginning to show some signs that populations are decreasing to the point where they may become threatened. There are 157 Canadian species at this level of risk.
2. ------------------ species are those at risk of becoming endangered if some form of intervention doesn’t take place.
3. ---------------------- species means the species is close to becoming extinct or extirpated.
4. --------------- means the species is close to becoming extinct or extirpated.
5. --------------- This means the species no longer exists anywhere on the planet.
1. Special concern
2. Threatened
3. Endangered
4. Extirpated
5. Extinct
500
There are many contaminants that make their way into the environment. These contaminants negatively impact biodiversity in an ecosystem and human health.
--------------- refers to an increase in the concentration of contaminants as you move up the food chain. This successive increase leads to a toxic accumulation of the contaminant in the tissues of organisms at higher levels of a food chain.
Some chemicals, such as mercury and old types of --------------, do not disappear when they enter the environment. Mercury is a fundamental element and cannot be broken down into another type of matter. ------------- are chemicals designed to kill pests such as weeds and bugs. At one time, mercury, arsenic, and lead were usd. Later, they were developed with a high ----------------, meaning they would remain in the environment for a long time before breaking down into less harmful substances.
--------------------------- are manufactured chemicals that were once used in transformers and lubricants but have been banned in North America since 1977. They have a high persistence and tend to collect at the bottom of bodies of water. This allows them to make their way into the food chain in a similar way to the bioamplification of mercury. Today, many kinds of fish and even mammals in Canada still have trace deposits of PCBs in their fatty tissue. Health Canada recommends removing as much fat as possible from fish and meats to minimize your exposure to these chemicals
Bioamplification
Some chemicals, such as mercury and old types of pesticides, do not disappear when they enter the environment. Mercury is a fundamental element and cannot be broken down into another type of matter. Pesticides are chemicals designed to kill pests such as weeds and bugs. At one time, mercury, arsenic, and lead were used as pesticides. Later, chemical pesticides were developed with a high persistence, meaning they would remain in the environment for a long time before breaking down into less harmful substances.
PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls ) are manufactured chemicals that were once used in transformers and lubricants but have been banned in North America since 1977. They have a high persistence and tend to collect at the bottom of bodies of water. This allows them to make their way into the food chain in a similar way to the bioamplification of mercury. Today, many kinds of fish and even mammals in Canada still have trace deposits of PCBs in their fatty tissue. Health Canada recommends removing as much fat as possible from fish and meats to minimize your exposure to these chemicals