Immunology
True or False: Phagocytosis for macrophages is lethal.
False; it is NOT lethal.
What is another use for beer?
Can help get rid of rust.
True or false: Viruses are living cells with a plasma membrane.
False; Viruses are not considered living and they have a capsid that protect them, not a plasma membrane
What is the common name for NH3?
Ammonia
Explain oxidation and give an example.
losing electrons; example: CO2
What role does a perforin play in the innate immune system?
A perforin helps break down the walls of pathogens.
Select the microbes involved in antibiotics.
a) streptococcus
b) fungi
c) bacillus
d) penicillin
A, B, C, D (all of them)
Give two examples of dsDNA and two examples of ssRNA viruses.
dsDNA: Herpes and HPV
ssDNA: Influenza (negative) and COVID-19 (positive)
What is the rate limiting step in the nitrogen cycle?
Nitrogen fixation
List the differences between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.
cyanobacteria: photosynthesis in soil and ocean; reduction
heterotrophic bacteria: cellular respiration; oxidation
Explain how the urinary tract keeps pathogens out.
The urinary tract kills pathogens due to its acidity (from urea) and also its flushing mechanisms (secrete the pathogens out).
What is the metabolism process for biosensors?
-cellular respiration
-fermentation to break down and metabolize chemicals
List the steps of the life (lytic) cycle for a virus.
1. Adsorption
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Synthesis
5. Maturation
6. Release
Select all that are true: The bacteria involved in denitrification are:
a) Chemolithotrophs
b) Bacillus
c) Pseudomonas
d) Fungi
B and C
Where in the abiotic system is the greatest exchange of carbon?
Photosynthesis in the ocean
Explain how inflammation helps fight infection.
release histamine -> vasodilation ->veins get bigger -> proteins and cytokines can be released from the capillaries and head to the site of infection
True or false: Lactic acid fermentation lowers pH.
True
Fill in the blank: (ENTER) DNA is very hard to kill and must be autoclaved or heated.
Non-enveloped
What is the step where organic nitrogen becomes ammonium?
ammonification
How do human contribute to the carbon cycle?
We burn fossil fuels that release methane and carbon dioxide.