Category 1: Imperial Crisis (Ch. 5)
This 1765 act imposed a direct tax on printed materials in the colonies, triggering widespread colonial protest and the phrase "no taxation without representation".
What is the Stamp Act?
This major American victory in upstate New York convinced France to form a military alliance with the United States.
What is the Battle of Saratoga?
America's first national government operated under this document, which created a weak central government unable to levy taxes or regulate commerce effectively.
What are the Articles of Confederation?
Unlike an indirect tax added into merchant prices, this type of tax is paid directly by consumers at the point of sale.
What is a direct tax?
Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym "Publius," these 85 essays argued in favor of ratifying the U.S. Constitution.
What are the Federalist Papers?
On March 5, 1770, a confrontation between Bostonians and British soldiers resulted in five deaths, including Crispus Attucks, who is considered the first official casualty of the war for independence.
What is the Boston Massacre?
This military force, commanded by General George Washington, faced severe hardships, including harsh winters and lack of supplies at Valley Forge.
What is the Continental Army?
Resolved at the Constitutional Convention, this agreement established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.
What is the Great Compromise (or Connecticut Compromise)?
This widespread strategy involved colonists pledging not to purchase British imported goods as a form of economic protest.
What is the non-importation movement?
George Washington set a major precedent for future presidents by stepping down after serving this number of terms in office.
What is two terms?
Passed by Lord North to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, these four acts closed Boston Harbor and limited colonial self-government.
What are the Coercive Acts (or Intolerable Acts)?
Supported by French naval and land forces, American victory at this 1781 siege marked the final major land battle of the Revolutionary War.
What is the Battle of Yorktown?
This group opposed the 1787 Constitution, fearing a strong national government and demanding the addition of a Bill of Rights.
Who are the Anti-Federalists?
These extralegal, shadow governments were organized throughout the colonies to coordinate plans of resistance against British policies.
What are the Committees of Correspondence?
This 1794 Pennsylvania uprising against a federal excise tax was swiftly put down by President Washington, demonstrating the strength of the new national government.
What is the Whiskey Rebellion?
This letter, written by Samuel Adams, argued that taxation without representation was unconstitutional and urged other colonies to boycott British goods.
What is the Massachusetts Circular?
During the war, well-born colonial women organized non-importation boycotts and produced homespun cloth, operating under this title.
Who are the Daughters of Liberty?
This 1786–1787 uprising of indebted Massachusetts farmers highlighted the weaknesses of the central government under the Articles of Confederation.
What is Shays' Rebellion?
British royal courts operating without juries to settle maritime and smuggling disputes, which angered colonists deprived of trial by jury.
What are vice-admiralty courts?
In his 1796 Address, President George Washington warned the nation against two major dangers: foreign entanglements and permanent alliances, as well as this internal political threat.
What is political factionalism (or political parties)?
Imposed following the Seven Years' War, this boundary along the Appalachian Mountains prohibited British colonists from settling further west.
What is the Proclamation Line of 1763?
Colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the war and frequently suffered land confiscation or exile were known as this.
Who are the Loyalists (or Tories)?
This Constitutional agreement determined how enslaved people would be counted for representation and taxation purposes.
What is the Three-Fifths Compromise?
Drafted in Massachusetts, this plan urged resistance to the Intolerable Acts, including arming local militias and adopting non-importation agreements.
What are the Suffolk Resolves?
Authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, these declarations introduced the concept that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
What are the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?