Consciousness (Sleep)
N-REM1, N-REM2, N-REM3, REM
What are the 3 levels of Freud's Levels of Consciousness?
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Birds migrate during the winter. What theory of motivation would explain why birds do this?
Instinct Theory
Name 3 Universal Emotions.
Sadness, fear, disgust, happiness, anger, surprise
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
acute = short-term stress that arises from specific events
chronic = long-term stress that persists over time
Name two functions of sleep.
memory consolidation, physical restoration, emotional regulation
Conscious
What is the difference between intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic = motivation comes from within
Extrinsic = motivation comes from external rewards or consequences
What theory explains that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously?
Cannon-Bard Theory
What is the difference between distress and eustress?
distress = negative stress
eustress = postitive stress
What does "circadian rhythm" refer to?
24-hour biological cycles regulating sleep-wake patterns and physiological processes
Provide an example of a thought that would occur at the preconscious level.
Ex: remembering your first pet's name, what you had for breakfast this morning
Problem-Focused
seeking information, planning, time management, seeking help
Emotion-Focused
meditation, exercise, reading, positive affirmations, journaling
During a stressful meeting, Sarah forces herself to smile despite feeling anxious. According to what concept might this action help improve her emotional state by influencing her feelings through her facial expression?
Facial feedback hypothesis
Provide an example of physical stress and an example of psychological stress
Physical: injury, illness
Psychological: academic pressure, relationship issues, financial worries
What are the 3 states of consciousness?
normal waking consciousness, altered consciousness, unconsciousness
Acts as a bridge between the conscious and unconscious mind.
Define the Yerkes-Dodson Law.
Performance is best at a moderate level of arousal
What are the specialized brain cells that activate both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else performing the same action, playing a crucial role in empathy and social interaction?
mirror neurons
You've just received your midterm grades and didn't do as well as you hoped. You're feeling upset and have trouble sleeping because you keep replaying the exam in your mind, worrying about your future grades. Is this stress or anxiety?
anxiety; the persistent worry about future grades and the inability to sleep reflect anxious thoughts rather than just the stress related to the exam itself.
What brainwaves are most common during deep sleep?
Delta
Provide an example of a behavior or thought that may occur as a result of the unconscious mind.
Examples
Picking partners that resemble your parents (unresolved family dynamics)
Disliking someone without knowing why (repressed childhood memories)
Phobias (traumatic events)
What are the three components does the Self-Determination Theory suggests are required to be motivated?
autonomy, competence, relatedness
What concept involves incorrectly interpreting the source of physiological arousal, resulting in inappropriate emotional responses, AND what was the name of the study conducted to prove this?
Misattribution of Arousal, Bridge Study
Reactions under stress fall into 4 major categories. Choose 2 of these categories and provide an example of a symptom that may occur in this category
Physiological: increased heart rate, increase breathing
Affective: irritability, sadness
Behavioral: withdraw, increased aggression
Cognitive: decreased concentration, racing thoughts