Absolutism
Built by Louis XIV to project royal authority and control the nobility through elaborate ritual and residence.
Palace of Versailles
This conflict pitted royal authority against parliamentary rights in mid-17th-century England.
English Civil War
The 80 Years war, ended by the Union of Utrecht in 1579, established the United Provinces as independent confederation separate from this power
Spain
This theory argued that a nation’s wealth depended on accumulating gold and silver, often emphasizing the importance of Colonial holdings and protectionist policies to bolster domestic industry
Mercantilism
The principle that no single state should dominate the continent of Europe drove European diplomacy from the 17th century onwards
The Balance of Power
Louis XIV's government created this role in order to extend and secure state authority & political adherence in the further regions of France
Intendant
He attempted to rule without Parliament and raised taxes through forced loans, sparking rebellion.
Charles I
Prosperity in the United Provinces saw the rise of this social group of merchants and traders.
Burghers (wealthy urban bourgeoisie)
The influx of new crops from the Americas, coupled with improved climates and transportation methods led to this demographic trend in Europe
Population Growth
After the Thirty Years' War, European warfare became less motivated by this, and more motivated by territorial expansion, competition among states and national identify
Religious Conflict
Peter the Great fought The Great Northern War with Sweden to establish this city on the Baltic as his "window to the west"
St. Petersburg
The English Civil War led to an interregnum period where this person served as Lord Protectorate of the Commonwealth of England
Oliver Cromwell
Historians often contribute the prosperity of the Dutch Republic in the early 17th century to these three factors:
1. Geographic Positioning (access to Atlantic & Baltic trade routes, low-lying, good for transport)
2. Religious Tolerance
3. Representative Government & lack of government interference in economic affairs (as opposed to mercantilism)
The rise of banking, stock exchanges, and joint-stock companies demonstrated the growing influence of this new economic class.
The Seven Years’ War is sometimes called the first “world war” because it extended European rivalries into these two key global regions.
North America & India
Frederick William I’s reforms created a state where all aspects of life revolved around this institution (in other words, it built the state)
The military
The Glorious Revolution of 1688 invited William of Orange and Mary II to rule England on the condition they ratified this document, drafted by Parliament to ensure basic civil liberties and the rights of Parliament to draft and pass laws
In contrast to prior European art depicting rulers and biblical scenes, Dutch art from this period tended to depict this as subject matter:
Landscapes
Still lives
This 18th-century economic shift saw people buy more goods not out of necessity, but for comfort, identity, and taste.
Consumer Revolution / Consumerism
In the late 18th century, rival powers including Russia, Prussia, and Austria divided this weakened state among themselves.
Poland
His economic reforms helped fund Louis XIV’s wars through mercantilist policies.
Jean Baptiste Colbert
This 17th-century English political thinker advocated for the idea of the social contract, which espoused the idea of the consent of the governed and the right of the people to rebel against a government that failed to protect their natural rights.
John Locke
Free-market economy
This technological and organizational change in the countryside replaced guild labor with family-based rural production
Cottage Industry / Putting-Out System
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 saw shifting alliances among European powers - however these two rivalries persisted
Britain vs. France
Austria vs. Prussia