Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
The psychobiological process of memory
Random
100
During classical conditioning, what happens to the neutral stimulus?
It becomes a conditioned stimulus after being repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
100
Who is the psychologist most associated with operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
100
List the five key stages of observational learning
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation, Reinforcement
100
Which brain structure is primarily involved in the consolidation of explicit memories?
The hippocampus
100
What is the coldest US state?
Alaska
200
How is stimulus generalisation different from stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
Stimulus generalisation is when the conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. Stimulus discrimination is when the organism only responds to the specific conditioned stimulus and not to similar ones.
200
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again, while punishment decreases it.
200
Which stage of observational learning does this demonstrate?
A student watches their older sibling get rewarded for doing chores. The next day, the student starts doing chores too.
Motivation (the student is motivated to imitate the behaviour due to vicarious reinforcement)
200
What is the difference between short term memory and long term memory?
Short-term memory has a limited capacity and duration, typically holding information for a few seconds, while long-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity and can store information for years.
200
What is the exchange rate of USD to AUD today, to the first decimal point?
1.6
I will give credit if your answer is 1.5 or 1.7
300
Why is the timing between the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus critical in classical conditioning?
Because the neutral stimulus must be presented just before or at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus for a strong association to form. If the timing is off, conditioning may not occur effectively or at all.
300
What type of operant conditioning is this, and why?
A child cleans their room to stop their parent’s nagging.
Negative reinforcement – the behaviour (cleaning) removes an unpleasant stimulus (nagging), increasing the likelihood of repeating the behaviour.
300
Why is reproduction sometimes a barrier to observational learning, even when attention, retention, and motivation are present?
Because the learner may not have the physical or cognitive ability to perform the observed behaviour, limiting their capacity to imitate it despite understanding and wanting to.
300
A person remembers the emotional intensity of a car crash but not the exact details.
Which brain structures were likely involved and how?
The amygdala enhanced emotional memory encoding, while the hippocampus may not have effectively consolidated the contextual details.
300
If you invest $1,000 at an annual interest rate of 5% compounded annually, how much will you have after 3 years? (Hint: Year 10 Math)
A = 1000(1 + 0.05)3 = $1,157.63
400
Can you name the NS, US, UR, CS, and CR in this scenario?
Every time Mia visits her grandmother, her grandmother bakes cookies. Now, the smell of cookies makes Mia feel happy and comforted.
NS: Smell of cookies (initially just a smell, no special emotion)
US: Time spent with grandmother (love, warmth, attention)
UR: Feelings of happiness and comfort
CS: Smell of cookies (after being repeatedly paired with those happy visits)
CR: Feeling happy and comforted just from the smell of cookies
400
Miss Yang wants to increase positive behaviour during lessons by using positive reinforcement. Which of the following it the most effective?
A: keeping distracted students inside during recess
B: smiling at students as they enter the classroom
C: giving focused students no homework for that evening
D: providing students who stay on tasks a sticker during that lesson
D is correct. Positive reinforcement is adding something pleasant (sticker) to increase the chance of behaviour happening again. A and C are not effective to increase the chance. B is incorrect because there is no target behaviour.
400
Physical education teacher often demonstrates a desired motor skill and then ask their students to perform the same motor skill in the next lesson. In the first lesson, what are the two most important observational learning processes that will influence how the student begins to learn the target motor skill?
Attention and retention
400
Peter reported that his dog have once jumped over his fence to his neighbour's house and eat the neighbour's cat food. Several years later, one time when Peter's dog is not being fed again, the dog did the same thing. The dog remembers where to find food several years later due to:
A: consolidation of procedural memory of jumping through a fence
B: encoding of the episodic autobiographical memory through a mnemonic
C: consolidation of an episodic autobiographical memory when it was younger
D: role semantic autobiographical memory plays in constructing possible imagined futures.
C.
400
Who won the world cup 2014?
Germany
500
Past VCE Question (4 marks)
Outline the three-phase process of conditioning to avoid predators here:
Many species of birds can be conditioned to avoid predators by pairing the sound of the predator with an unpleasant stimulus, such as a puff of air. Over time, the birds learn that the sound of the predator alone is dangerous.
To get full marks, students were required to:
1) identify the behaviourist approach as classical conditioning
2) state that the sound of the predator elicits no relevant response
3) state that the sound of the predator is repeatedly presented before the puff of air to elicit a fear (or avoidance) response
4) state that the sound of the predator alone will now produce the fear (or avoidance) response.
500
Past VCE Question:
A is correct because its use of language in both operant and classical conditioning is appropriate. B and C are incorrect because these options does not use the language of learning. D is partially correct.
500
Create your own example showing that the "retention stage" of observational learning has a long term potential.
It's all about creativity...
500
Use the Atkinson-Shiffrin multi-store model of memory to explain why cramming the night before a test is often less effective than spaced study over time.
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, information must pass through three memory stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Cramming overloads STM, which has a limited capacity and duration. Without sufficient time for encoding and consolidation, much of the information doesn’t transfer into LTM.
500
How is my full name pronounced in Chinese (assuming I said this on the first day)
The closest group gets the point!