Unit 3 AOS 2

Topic 5 - Models of health

100

What is the "new" public model of health known as?

Social model of health

200

Explain old public health and outline one example of a public health action that contributed to changes in the patterns of disease and illness since 1900

The ‘old public health’ were actions taken by the government that focused on improving the physical environment. 

They included the establishment of government-funded water and sewage systems so people had clean water to drink, better sanitation, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions. 

These actions contributed to changes in the patterns of disease and illness because they were successful in reducing deaths from infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera and influenza.

300

Correctly identify three of the five principles of the social model of health.

Three of:

Addresses the broader factors (determinants) of health

Reduces social inequity

Empowers individuals and the community

Accessibility to healthcare 

Involves interSectorial collaboration

400

Provide two examples of how advances in medical technology have contributed to improvements in Australia’s health status since 1900

Advances in medical technology have contributed to improvements in Australia’s health status over time. Technology such as chest x-rays, biopsies, CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, bone scans, improved surgery techniques, including key hole surgery, more advanced medication, radio and chemotherapy are examples of medical technology that has improved the diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Improved medical technology has brought about improvements in the diagnosis, treatment and cure of these diseases and consequently extended life expectancy.

500

Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of the social model of health.

Advantages of the social model of health include:

• Advantages of the social model of health include:
• It promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases. As the social model focuses on the broader determinants of health, it can prevent conditions from developing in the first place, therefore improving health status.
• It promotes overall wellbeing. As the social model doesn’t just focus on diseases that are present, it has the potential to promote the overall health and wellbeing of individuals.
• It is relatively inexpensive. Although health promotion programs can cost millions of dollars to implement, the investment is often significantly cheaper than treating conditions once symptoms arise.
• It focuses on vulnerable population groups. As it focuses on promoting equity, many disadvantaged groups are the target of health promotion programs, including Indigenous Australians, those from low socioeconomic backgrounds and those living outside major cities.
• Education can be passed on from generation to generation. The social model of health often uses education to enhance health. This knowledge can be passed on to future generations, promoting sustainable improvements in health.
• The responsibility for health is shared. The social model makes health the responsibility of more than just the health sector, so the reasons behind poor health and wellbeing are more likely to be addressed.

Disadvantages of the social model of health include:

• Not every condition can be prevented. The causes of some conditions, including many genetic conditions, can be very difficult to prevent.
• It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge. As it focuses on the broader determinants of health and wellbeing, it does not promote medical advancements.
• It does not address the health concerns of individuals. Those who are sick, for example, are not a specific focus of the social model of health, which can impact negatively on their health and wellbeing and health status in the population.
• Health promotion messages may be ignored. The social model of health relies on cooperation of the public. If people choose to ignore the health messages provided, health and wellbeing may not improve.

Topic 6 - Australia's healthcare system

100

What does PBS stand for?
What is the PBS?

The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a program of the Australian Government that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia. 

200

Briefly explain the NDIS.

The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, their families and carers. 

To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 and meet both the residency and disability requirements.

300

Identify the three incentives that have been introduced to encourage people to join a private health insurance fund.

Private health insurance rebate

Lifetime health cover

Medicare levy surcharge

400

What does S.A.F.E stand for?

sustainability

accessibility

funding

equity

500

Using an example, explain how promoting accessibility in the NDIS can promote the health of Australians.

The NDIS increases accessibility to all services they need to live an ordinary life by receiving reasonable and necessary funding. For example, providing funding for special appointments can increase the care they receive and may help reduce the level of morbidity experienced by those with a disability.

Topic 7 - Health promotion (road safety)

100

Why is road safety targeted?

•There have been thousands of deaths on Australia’s roads and all are considered preventable.

•Every day, an average of four people are killed and 90 are seriously injured as a result of using Australia’s roads.

•Some population groups are more affected than others.

•Large economic impact      

200

Identify two population groups within Australia who are effected the most by road traffic incidents.

Young drivers

Male drivers

300

Identify two road safety initiatives.

Compulsory wearing of seatbelts

Graduated licensing system

P.A.R.T.Y program

Black spot program

Random drug and alcohol testing

School and residential speed zones

400

Describe one road safety initiative and explain how it reflects one of the Ottawa charter action areas.

Various answers.

Eg. The compulsory wearing of seatbelts was a road safety initiative that aimed to reduce the impact of a road traffic incident by securing passengers in their seat. This is an example of 'build healthy public policy' as it was a law enforced by the Australian Government which improved health and wellbeing.

500

Describe one road safety initiative, explain how it reflects two of the Ottawa charter action areas, and explain how it can improve the health status of Australians.

Various answers. Must link to an indicator.

Topic 7 - Health promotion (Indigenous health initiatives)

100

Why is Indigenous health targeted?

To close the gap in life expectancy.

200

Identify one sociocultural and one environmental factor that contributes to Indigenous Australian's poorer health status

Sociocultural

- high unemployment rates

- lower levels of education attainment

- social exclusion

- lack of access to culturally appropriate healthcare

Environmental

- overcrowded housing

- poorer quality water and sanitiation

- poorer infrastructure

300

Identify three considerations when developing an effective Indigenous health promotion initiative 

Culturally appropriate

Funding provided

Specific needs of the target groups taken into account

Addresses a significant health issue

Improvements in health and wellbeing

Ottawa charter action areas are present

400

Describe one Indigenous health initiative and explain how it reflects one of the Ottawa charter action areas.

Various answers.

Move it mob style is a health promotion initiative that promotes physical activity through a televised dance program. It reflects the action area of develop personal skills as participants are educated about different ways to stay active which they can continue to use even after the program has ended.

500

Describe one Indigenous health initiative, explain how it reflects two of the Ottawa charter action areas, and explain how it can improve the health and wellbeing of Indigenous Australians.

Various answers. Must link to dimensions of health and wellbeing.

Topic 7 - Health promotion (healthy eating)

100

What is the difference between the Australian Dietary Guidelines and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

The Australian Dietary Guidelines provides advice on how to eat healthy in text form whereas the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating is a visual food selection tool.

200

Identify three reasons why making dietary improvements might be difficult to make.

Personal preference

Willpower

Culture

Religion

Convenience 

Time

Etc.

300

Name the five Australian Dietary Guidelines.

1. Have a balance of both adequate amounts of nutritious food and adequate levels of physical activity.

2. Include a variety of nutritious food in your diet, including foods from all 5 food groups. And drink water.

3. Reduce the intake of saturated fats, sugar, salt and alcohol.

4. Promote breastfeeding.

5. Take care of your food, prepare food, store food correctly.

400

Describe one work of Nutrition Australian that aims to promote healthy eating and explain how this can promote the health status of Australians.

Educational resources such a portion plates can be found for free on the Nutrition Australia website. These can assist Australians to consume a well balanced diet and reduce overeating, and hence reduce the incidence of obesity in Australians.

500

Explain two similarities and two difference between the Healthy Eating Pyramid and the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.

Similarities:

- Both are visual food selection tools

- Both promote the consumption of foods from a variety of food groups describing the proportion of each food group

Differences:

- HEP promotes the use of herbs and spices the AGHE does not mention this

- HEP is in four layers, AGHE is a pie chart