Specialist, Generalist, R and K selected
What is the difference between a Specialist and Generalist?
Specialist have a narrower ecological niche that makes them more prone to extinction while generalist have a broader niche.
What is carrying capacity?
The max. Number of individuals in a pop. that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)
What is biotic potential and logistic growth?
Biotic potential = exponential growth
Logistic growth = initial rapid growth, then limiting factors limit pop. to K
What is population density?
the number of individuals living in a certain area at a certain time
individuals/area
What are the four stages of demographic transition?
Pre-Industrial, Transitioning, Industrial, Post Industrial (5th is declining)
How many Offspring do K-selected have?
Very Few
Name a 3 limiting resources.
Name a density independent factor.
Natural disasters (flood, hurricane, tornado, fire)
How do you calculate growth rate with crude rates?
(CBR - CDR) / 10
What stage has Rapid growth, due to high CBR and declining CDR?
Which type are more likely to be invasive? R or K selected?
R-Selected
Which survivorship curve represents humans?
Type 1
Name 3 density dependent factors.
Food, competition for habitat, water, light, even disease
How do you calculate doubling time?
70 / % of Growth rate
What stage has the highest contraceptive use rates?
Post-Industrialized/Highly Developed
Which type, generalist or specialist are more able to adapt to environmental conditions?
Generalist
When a population temporarily rises above the carrying capacity, it is experiencing this ecological condition, which often leads to a dieback.
A triangle-shaped diagram indicates this type of growth rate.
Rapid growth
Solve this problem: A country has a CDR of 13 and a CBR of 15.
Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling time.
(15-13)/10 = 2/10 = 0.2% growth rate
70/0.2% = 350 years to double
What stage is TFR the highest?
Preindustrial
What is an example of an r-selected and K-selected species?
R-Selected - Mammals, Birds
K-Selected - Insects, Fish, Plants
Explain type 1, 2 and 3 survivorship curves and give an example of each.
Type I (mostly K-selected)
High survivorship early in life due to high parental care
High survivorship in mid life due to large size & defensive behavior
Rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
Ex: most mammals
Type II (in between r & K)
Steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life
Ex: Squirrels
Type III (mostly r-selected)
High mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care
Few make it to midlife; slow, steady decline in survivorship in mid life
Even fewer make it to adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age
Ex: insects, fish, plants
What shape is the US's age structure diagram? Expanding rapidly, slowly, declining or stable.
Expanding slowly
This rate represents the average number of children a couple must have to exactly replace themselves in the population, and is different from the total fertility rate, which counts all children born per woman.
replacement level fertility
At what state does birth rate first decrease? At what stage does death rate first decrease?
Death Rate - transitioning
Birth Rate - industrial