Specialist, Generalist, R and K selected
What is the difference between a Specialist and Generalist?
Specialist have a narrower ecological niche that makes them more prone to extinction while generalist have a broader niche.
What is carrying capacity?
The max. Number of individuals in a pop. that an ecosystem can support (based on limiting resources)
What is biotic potential and logistic growth?
Biotic potential = exponential growth
Logistic growth = initial rapid growth, then limiting factors limit pop. to K
What was the Malthusian theory?
Humans will reach a carrying capacity limited by food
What are the four stages of demographic transition?
Industrialization, Industrializing/developing, Pre-industrialized/Less developed, Industrialized/developed
How many Offspring do K-selected have?
Very Few
Name a 3 limiting resources.
Name a density independent factor.
Natural disasters (flood, hurricane, tornado, fire)
How do you calculate growth rate with crude rates?
(CBR - CDR) / 10
What stage has Rapid growth, due to high CBR and declining CDR?
Industrializing/Developing
Which type are more likely to be invasive? R or K selected?
R-Selected
Which survivorship curve represents humans?
Type 1
Name 3 density dependent factors.
Food, competition for habitat, water, light, even disease
How do you calculate doubling time?
70 / % of Growth rate
What stage has the highest contraceptive use rates?
Post-Industrialized/Highly Developed
Which type, generalist or specialist are more able to adapt to environmental conditions?
Generalist
What is overshoot and die off, and a consequence of each?
Overshoot: when a population briefly exceeds carrying capacity
Consequence: resource depletion
Die off: sharp decrease in pop. size when resource depletion (overshoot) leads to many individuals dying
Consequence: decrease pop size
What growth does an extreme pyramid shape show?
Rapid growth
Solve this problem: A country has a CDR of 13 and a CBR of 15.
Calculate the annual growth rate, and the doubling time.
(15-13)/10 = 2/10 = 0.2% growth rate
70/0.2% = 350 years to double
What stage is TFR the highest?
Preindustrial
What is an example of an r-selected and K-selected species?
R-Selected - Mammals, Birds
K-Selected - Insects, Fish, Plants
Explain type 1, 2 and 3 survivorship curves and give an example of each.
Type I (mostly K-selected)
High survivorship early in life due to high parental care
High survivorship in mid life due to large size & defensive behavior
Rapid decrease in survivorship in late life as old age sets in
Ex: most mammals
Type II (in between r & K)
Steadily decreasing survivorship throughout life
Ex: Squirrels
Type III (mostly r-selected)
High mortality (low survivorship) early in life due to little to no parental care
Few make it to midlife; slow, steady decline in survivorship in mid life
Even fewer make it to adulthood; slow decline in survivorship in old age
Ex: insects, fish, plants
What shape is the US's age structure diagram? Expanding rapidly, slowly, declining or stable.
Expanding slowly
What are two factors that affect TFR?
- Development (Affluence)
- Gov. Policy
At what state does birth rate decrease? At what stage does death rate decrease?
Death Rate - Developing
Birth Rate - Developed