Thirty Years’ War
Which event triggered the Thirty Years’ War?
Defenestration of Prague
Which French monarch was known as the “Sun King”?
Louis XIV
What belief did both James I and Charles I share that caused tension with Parliament?
DROK
Which dynasty ruled Austria during the 17th and 18th centuries?
The Habsburgs
How did the Thirty Years’ War mark a turning point in European diplomacy?
Shift from religious conflict to balance-of-power politics
During which phase did Sweden enter the war, and who led them?
Swedish Phase; Gustavus Adolphus
Who was Louis XIII’s powerful chief minister who centralized royal power?
Cardinal Richelieu
What document did Parliament force Charles I to sign in 1628, limiting royal authority?
Petition of Rights
In which country did Peter I study during his early life?
France
In what ways was Louis XIV’s absolutism similar to Peter the Great’s reforms?
Both centralized power, built large armies, and weakened nobility
What document ended the war and recognized over 300 independent German states?
Peace of Westphalia
What symbol of royal authority did Louis XIV build to control the nobility?
The Palace of Versailles
Who led the New Model Army during the English Civil War?
Oliver Cromwell
What Prussian ruler was known as “the Great Elector”?
Frederick William
Why might the Glorious Revolution be considered a step toward modern democracy?
It established parliamentary sovereignty and limited monarchy
What was one major political effect of the Peace of Westphalia?
Start of modern state system
What was the Intendant System, and how did it strengthen royal power?
Replaced local officials with royal civil servants who reported directly to the king
What was the outcome of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
William and Mary took the throne; constitutional monarchy established
How did Peter the Great modernize Russia?
Reorganized the military, government, and culture based on Western Europe
How did mercantilism fuel European rivalry during the 17th and 18th centuries?
Nations sought colonies and trade dominance to accumulate wealth and power
Why did France, a Catholic country, support the Protestant side?
To weaken Habsburg power and achieve a balance of power
Which economic theory did Jean-Baptiste Colbert use to strengthen France’s economy?
Mercantalism
Name two major provisions of the English Bill of Rights.
No taxation without Parliament’s consent; freedom of speech in Parliament; no cruel or unusual punishment
Why did Poland fail to centralize its power during this period?
The liberum veto allowed any noble to block legislation, weakening the Sejm
Compare the causes of absolutism in France and constitutionalism in England.
France’s instability after wars encouraged strong monarchy; England’s Parliament resisted royal overreach