Enzymes
These biological molecules speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
What are enzymes?
The energy stored in chemical bonds like glucose and ATP.
What is chemical or potential energy?
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
What is the chloroplast?
The process that breaks glucose into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
The process that occurs without oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.
What is the active site?
The law stating energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?
The pigment that primarily absorbs light energy.
What is chlorophyll a?
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
What is oxygen?
The product of lactic acid fermentation.
What is lactic acid (lactate)?
This model describes how the enzyme changes shape to better fit the substrate.
What is the induced fit model?
Reactions with a negative ΔG that release energy.
What are exergonic reactions?
The stage that produces ATP and NADPH.
What are the light-dependent reactions?
The stage that produces the most ATP.
What is the electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)?
The molecule regenerated during fermentation to keep glycolysis running.
What is NAD⁺?
A molecule that competes with the substrate for the active site.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
This type of reaction requires an input of energy and has a positive ΔG value.
What is an endergonic reaction?
The enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.
What is RuBisCO?
The molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after pyruvate oxidation.
What is Acetyl-CoA?
Plants that open stomata at night to conserve water.
What are CAM plants?
Regulation method where the end product shuts down an earlier enzyme in a pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
The type of work involving pumping ions across membranes.
What is transport work?
The process where RuBisCO binds oxygen instead of CO₂.
What is photorespiration?
The process that generates ATP using a proton gradient and ATP synthase.
What is chemiosmosis?
The molecule that donates electrons to the ETC from glycolysis and Krebs.
What are NADH and FADH₂?