Cancer Biology
Cancer is uncontrolled cell __________.
What is division?
A normal growth‑promoting gene is called this.
What is a proto‑oncogene?
Fusion of sperm and egg is called this.
What is fertilization?
Cells become specialized through this process.
What is differentiation?
The main goal of the cell cycle is to make sure cell division is __________.
What is controlled and accurate?
These tumors do not spread.
What are benign tumors?
A mutated proto‑oncogene becomes this.
What is an oncogene?
The single cell formed after fertilization.
What is a zygote?
Different cells have different structures because of this.
What is gene expression?
Cancer develops when cells ignore signals that normally tell them to stop dividing. These signals are called __________.
What are cell cycle regulators?
These tumors spread to other tissues.
What are malignant tumors?
Cyclin D1 normally helps move cells through this transition.
What is G1 to S?
Gametes are described as this chromosome state because the amount of sets of chromosomes each has.
What is haploid (n)?
The zygote is this type of stem cell.
What is totipotent?
A cell with damaged DNA does not pause in G1 and continues dividing. Which process failed?
What is cell cycle regulation?
These genes normally stop cell division.
What are tumor‑suppressor genes?
This treatment targets all fast‑dividing cells.
What is chemotherapy?
Most body cells are described as this state because of how many chromosome sets they have.
What is diploid (2n)?
Signals from nearby cells that affect development.
What are inductive signals?
During development, cells move and arrange themselves into tissues. This process is called __________.
What is morphogenesis?
Loss of this gene allows damaged cells to divide.
What is TP53?
This treatment uses the immune system.
What is immunotherapy?
Mitosis is important because it does this.
What is preserve genetic information?
Uneven substances in cytoplasm that affect cell fate.
What are cytoplasmic determinants?
Explain why mitosis is essential after fertilization but cannot replace fertilization itself.
What is: Mitosis makes more cells with the same DNA, but fertilization is needed to restore the full chromosome number and create genetic variation?