Enzymes
What organelle makes enzymes?
Ribosome
Identify the following:
1. stacks of thylakoid membranes
2. where Calvin Cycle takes place
1. grana
2. stroma
What is the final electron acceptor in the mitochondria's electron transport chain?
oxygen
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactic acid & alcoholic
a. water
b. glucose
c. oxygen
a. aquaporins
b. facilitated diffusion
c. simple diffusion through cell membrane
1. What is the name of the enzyme that fixes carbon dioxide in the Calvin Cycle?
2. Where is it located within the cell?
1. rubisco
2. stroma of chloroplast
Byproducts of the light reactions (3)
oxygen, NADPH, ATP
How many carbon atoms are in each of the following molecules?
a. glucose
b. carbon dioxide
c. pyruvate
d. acetyl CoA
a. glucose (6)
b. carbon dioxide (1)
c. pyruvate (3)
d. acetyl CoA (2)
What are the products of:
a. lactic acid fermentation
b. alcoholic fermentation
a. lactate, NAD+
b. ethanol, CO2, NAD+
What is the energy source of a cell?
ATP
1. What type of macromolecule is ATP synthase?
2. What are the building blocks of it called?
3. Where is ATP synthase located within a cell?
1. protein
2. amino acids
3. membrane (chloroplast/mitochondria)
1. What is the source of the carbon in the sugar produced during photosynthesis?
2. How does that source get into the plant?
1. Carbon dioxide
2. stomata
1. Define chemiosmosis.
2. Where does it occur in eukaryotic cells?
1. Diffusion of ions through across a membrane
2. thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
Name an organism that undergoes each type of fermentation:
1. lactic acid fermentation
2. alcoholic fermentation
1. humans, lactobacillus bacteria
2. yeast
1. What are the three components of ATP?
2. How does ATP transfer energy to another substance?
1. Adenine - nitrogen base, Ribose - monosaccharide, 3 Phosphates
2. ATP donates its phosphate group to another molecule via phosphorylation
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Describe how catalysts speed up chemical reactions.
Catalysts lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed.
1. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
2. What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle?
3. What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
1. stroma of chloroplast
2. CO2, ATP, NADPH
3. Glucose, ADP + Pi, NADP+
How many ATP are produced in fermentation vs. cellular respiration?
2 ATP in fermentation vs. 34-38 ATP in cellular respiration
What is the primary purpose of fermentation in cells?
To regenerate NAD+. Without NAD+, glycolysis can't occur and the cell will produce no ATP
Cellular Respiration or Photosynthesis:
1. catabolic
2. reduction
3. citric acid cycle
4. rubisco
5. cristae
1. cellular respiration
2. photosynthesis
3. cellular respiration
4. photosynthesis
5. cellular respiration
Enzyme function can be increased or decreased. Explain each of the following mechanisms that alter enzyme function:
1. competitive inhibitor
2. allosteric inhibitor
3. environmental changes
1. another substance competes with the enzyme for the active site
2. another substance binds to the enzyme in a place other than the active site. This changes the shape of the active site
3. changes in temperature, pH, salinity disrupt bonding of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.
1. Name two types of pigments in plants.
2. What is the purpose of plant pigments?
3. Where are pigments located within plant cells? Be very specific.
1. chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins
2. absorb wavelengths of light, which excites electrons needed for the ETC and production of ATP and NADPH
3. thylakoid membrane in Photosystems
1. What types of molecules transfer electrons in the ETC?
2. Where do the electrons needed for the mitochondrial ETC come from?
3. Where do the electrons needed for the chloroplast ETC come from?
1. proteins
2. NADH and FADH2
3. Water
1. Where in a cell does fermentation take place?
2. Name a type of food made by lactic acid fermentation.
3. Name a type of food made by alcoholic fermentation
1. cytoplasm
2. yogurt, sauerkraut, sourdough bread
3. beer, wine, bread
What substance must be regenerated in each of the following processes in order for the process to continue?
a. Glycolysis
b. Krebs cycle
c. Calvin cycle
a. NAD+
b. oxaloacetate
c. RuBP