Enzymes
Enzymes speed reactions mainly by lowering this
What is activation energy
The organelle where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotes.
Chloroplast
This pathway in the cytosol breaks glucose to pyruvate and produces ATP and NADH.
What is glycolosis
Outside the optimal range, temperature or pH can disrupt these bonds that help maintain enzyme shape.
What are hydrogen bonds
This statement is true for all living systems: they require a net input of ____ to maintain order.
What is free energy
At extremely high temperatures, many enzymes lose function because of this.
What is denaturation
The thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll organized into these.
What is Photo Systems.
This process name describes ATP formation linked to the ETC in cellular respiration.
What is oxidative phosphorylation.
This term describe an enzyme regaining function after denaturation when conditions return to normal (if possible).
What is renaturation
Photosynthesis first evolved in these organisms and contributed to an oxygenated atmosphere.
What is cyano bacteria.
A substance that binds to the enzyme and is acted upon is called this.
What is a substrate.
In chloroplasts, the Calvin Cycle occurs in this fluid-filled region.
What is Stroma
This cycle in the mitochondrial matrix releases CO2 and generates NADH and FADH2.
What is Krebs Cycle.
Moving pH away from an enzyme's optimum typically changes this and reduces activity.
What is the shape of the active site.
If ATP synthase is blocked in mitochondria, the protein gradient will typically do this (build up or disappear?).
What is build up.
This type of inhibitor binds an allosteric site and changes enzyme activity.
This process name describes ATP formation driven by chemiosmosis during photosynthesis
What is photophosphorylation.
This is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic eukaryotic respiration
What is Oxygen
Higher temperatures increases reaction rate mainly because it increases this (between enzyme and substrate).
What is Frequency of Collision
A disruption that prevents NADP+ reduction would most directly decrease production of this molecule.
What is G3P
Increasing substrate concentration generally does this to reaction rate, until enzymes are saturated.
Splitting this molecule provides electrons to replace those lost from photosystem 2.
What is water.
In the absence of oxygen, cells can regenerate NAD+ using this process.
What is fermentation
An enzyme works best in the small intestine would likely have an optimum pH that is (acidic, neutral, or basic?).
What is acidic.
If oxygen becomes unavailable, the electron transport chain in aerobic cells will do this (speed up, reverse, or stop?).
What is stop.