ENZYMES
What's the purpose of enzymes?
To speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell.
1st Law of Thermodynamics & 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only converted
Energy transfer results in increased entropy
is greater than the large portion lost as heat
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?
Stroma
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol
What is Fitness?
The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.
What is a catalyst?
An enzyme that helps to speed up chemical reaction by lowering the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
How do cells make an effort to manage energy?
couple reactions
WHY: Exergonic reaction provides the energy to run an endergonic reaction
What the products of the light independent reactions?
Glucose
NADP+
H2O
What are the net products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Humans regulate their internal body temperature within a very narrow range. This is an example of...
Homeostasis
What is competitive inhibition?
Molecules similar to substrate bind to active site but don't react preventing substrate from binding and reacting.
What is chemiosmosis?
Energy is used to pump H+ into space, creating area of potential energy, and as protons diffuse across the membrane, they activate ATP synthase, which makes ATP
What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following stages of cellular respiration generates ATP, regardless of the presence of oxygen?
Glycolysis
What is Artificial Selection
The identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations.
Which of the following factors has an effect on the rate at which enzymes catalyze a reaction?
HINT: They are 3 Main factors
Temperature of environment
PH of environment
Concentration of substrate and enzyme
What is catabolism?
Breakdown (hydrolysis) of a molecule which releases potential energy found in chemical bonds between monomers
Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?
Release of oxygen
Glucose is a six-carbon molecule that is broken down during glycolysis. Which of the following end product(s) of glycolysis contain carbons from glucose?
Pyruvate
Which of the following must be true for natural selection to take place in a population?
Phenotypic variation is based on differences in genotypes
An antibiotic binds an enzyme, causing it to produce substrate C of a metabolic pathway instead of substrate A of the same pathway. Substrate C ultimately inhibits the enzyme in the normal course of the pathway.
In this metabolic pathway, Substrate C is acting as a(n) __________.
Negative Feedback Inhibitor
What is anabolism
The use of energy to build macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates.
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from
The stroma to the thylakoid space.
A solution in a beaker contains all of the enzymes necessary for undergoing glycolysis. A mole of glucose is mixed into the solution. No oxygen is present and no ATP is present. Does glycolysis occur? Why?
No, because ATP is not present
A population of birds encounters a dramatic event that results in a severe decrease in population size. As a result of the newly-decreased population, what type of genetic drift does this population now exhibit?
Bottleneck effect