Metabolism
Enzyme Structure & Catalysis
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Fitness
100
All the chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
100
Macromolecules that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy
Enzymes
100
Name the reactants and products
100
This organelle is the site of ATP synthesis where most of the processes in cellular respiration take place.
Mitochondrion
100
Describe individual fitness
An organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
200
There are two main metabolic pathways. Identify and define them.
Catabolic: pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.
Anabolic: Pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds.
200
Factors that affect the efficiency of enzymes
Possible answers: temperature, pH, chemicals, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors or activators, etc.
200
Describe light-dependent reactions
Occurs in the thylakoid membrane with the primary function of capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
200
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, and Oxidation phosphorylation (ETC and Chemiososis)
200
True or False: Every individual in a species needs to show fitness for the species to continue generationally
False
300
There are three kinds of cellular functions...
Mechanical: movement
Transport: pumping substances across membranes against spontaneous movement
Chemical: synthesis of molecules
300
These are the non-protein components that some enzymes require to function, often vitamins or metal ions
Cofactors
300
How is G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) produced?
G3P is created from the process of carbon dioxide being converted by ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
300
What is the estimated total amount of ATP generated from one molecule of glucose after complete cellular respiration?
36-38 ATP
300
The ability for different chlorophyll molecules to capture light energy at different wavelengths is an example of variation in the cellular or molecular level?
Molecular level
400
Do living organisms violate the second law of thermodynamics? Explain your reasoning.
Organisms do not violate the second law because they constantly increase the total entropy (disorder) of the universe through the transfer and transformation of energy.
400
Methotrexate is a chemotherapy drug that disrupts DNA synthesis and inhibits cell division. Is this an example of what type of inhibitor?
Competitive inhibitor.
Reasoning: the job of the chemical is to block substrates from binding to the active site of the enzyme in charge of DNA synthesis.
400
Describe the pathway of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide enters the stomata and diffuses into the stroma of the chloroplasts. From there, the molecule is fixed by the enzyme RuBisCo into a stable six carbon compound and converted into G3P. G3P molecules are either used to regenerate RuBisCo to continue the Calvin cycle or immediately used for energy in the form of carbohydrates.
400
What is the net energy yield per one glucose molecule during glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH + 2 H+
400
How is the cell membrane an example of variation on the cellular level?
The cell membrane regulates membrane fluidity and controls water penetration, which aids in an organism's ability to survive.
500
The free energy equation
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
G: change in free energy, H: change in total energy, T: absolute temperature (K), S: change in entropy
500
This term refers to the phenomenon where the enzyme’s activity is reduced or stopped due to the binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site
Allosteric Inhibition
500
This pigment helps absorb light energy in plants and can be seen in the red, orange, and yellow colors of autumn leaves.
Carotenoids
500
Describe the two processes organisms use to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic respiration: generates ATP using the electron transport chain. This takes place in prokaryotic organisms that live in non-oxygenated environments.
Fermentation: Generates ATP without the aid of an electron transport chain. The two types of fermentation are alcohol and lactic acid.
500
How does hemoglobin contribute to survival?
Hemoglobin is a carrier of oxygen in blood. Hemoglobin F enables efficient transfer of oxygen from the blood of the mother to the developing fetus, while Hemoglobin A binds to oxygen from the lungs and aids in oxygen delivery to body cells.