Ionic Bonding
What is the octet rule?
Atoms gain or lose electrons to have 8 valence electrons.
What is a covalent bond?
A bond where atoms share electrons.
Determine the element symbol and how many valence electrons it has. Put a dot to represent each valence electron. A dot must go on each side of the element symbol before doubling up.
Name the compound Na₂O.
Sodium oxide
What does VSEPR stand for
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
What type of elements form cations and anions?
Metals form cations, nonmetals form anions.
What elements typically form covalent bonds?
Nonmetals.
Draw the Lewis dot structure for oxygen
O with 6 dots
Write the formula for potassium carbonate
K₂CO3.
Why is CO₂ linear but H₂O bent?
Lone pairs on oxygen repel bonds in H₂O
Explain how sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond.
Sodium donates an electron to chlorine, forming Na⁺ and Cl⁻.
Differentiate between single, double, and triple bonds with examples
H₂ - single (shares one pair of electrons), O₂ - double (shares two pairs of electrons), N₂ - triple (shares three pairs of electrons)
Draw a Lewis structure for H₂O
Oxygen in center with two lone pairs, two H atoms.
Name N₂O₄ using prefixes
Dinitrogen tetroxide
Identify the shape of CH₄.
Tetrahedral.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Strong electrostatic forces require more energy to break
What is the difference between lone pairs and shared pairs of electrons?
Lone pairs are not shared. Shared pairs are a pair of electrons shared between atoms.
What kind of bond exists in CO₂
Double bonds
Write the name for Fe₂O₃.
Iron(III) oxide
Predict the shape of NH3
Trigonal Pyramidal (pyramid)
Use the criss-cross method to determine the formula for aluminum and oxygen
Al₂O₃
Identify which of these violates the octet rule: BF₃, PCl₅, SF₆.
All three do
Why does SF₆ violate the octet rule?
Sulfur has 12 valence electrons and the octet rule states that an atom should only have 8.
Determine the formula for lead(IV) phosphate.
Pb₃(PO₄)₄
What are the bond angles in a trigonal bipyramidal shape
90° and 120°