DEVIANCE & NORMS
This is behavior, belief, or a condition that violates a group's social expectations.
What is deviance?
The many ways society encourages conformity and discourages deviance are called this.
What is social control?
Durkheim used this term for a breakdown of shared norms.
What is anomie?
Sutherland's theory says deviance is learned through interaction with other people.
What is differential association?
Deviance that formally violates a law is called this.
What is crime?
These are the shared expectations that tell us how people are supposed to behave.
What are norms?
A reward or punishment given in response to behavior is called this.
What is a sanction?
Merton's theory says deviance can result from a gap between cultural goals and these legitimate ways of reaching them.
What are legitimate means?
This theory argues that an act becomes deviant when society reacts to it and attaches a label.
What is labeling theory?
Fraud or embezzlement committed by respected people in connection with their jobs is this type of crime.
What is white-collar crime?
Talking loudly might be normal at a football game but considered inappropriate at this type of event.
What is a funeral?
A parent giving a teenager a disapproving look is an example of this type of social control.
What is informal social control?
Someone wants to become wealthy but sells stolen goods to achieve that goal.
What is innovation?
A student cheats once, but everyone begins calling them "a cheater," and they eventually embrace that identity. This illustrates this concept.
What is secondary deviance?
Police, courts, and corrections make up this system.
What is the criminal-justice system?
Deviance is described as "relative" because it depends on this.
What are time, place, and culture?
Police, courts, laws, and prisons are examples of this type of social control.
What is formal social control?
A worker gives up on achieving success but continues following every workplace rule exactly.
What is ritualism?
Goffman's term for a mark of disgrace that damages or spoils a person's social identity.
What is stigma?
The rate at which released offenders commit new crimes and return to the criminal-justice system is called this.
What is recidivism?
Durkheim argued that deviance can actually help society by clarifying norms, creating unity, and doing this.
What is encouraging social change?
This happens when people internalize society's norms so deeply that they control their own behavior, even without anyone watching.
What is internalized social control?
An activist rejects society's existing goals and means and attempts to replace them with an entirely new system.
What is rebellion?
The first, minor rule-breaking that may not result in a person adopting a deviant identity is called this.
What is primary deviance?
Conflict theorists argue that laws and definitions of deviance are strongly influenced by this, especially because powerful groups help decide what gets punished.
What is power?