What are the three components of a nucleotide? Draw the structure.
Phosphate
Sugar
Base
(Structural Hint: Phosphate- bonded to Sugar- bonded to Base.)
100
How does DNA fit into the nucleus of a cell?
DNA is tightly folded into chromosomes.
100
Transcription takes place here.
What is the nucleus?
100
Translation takes place here.
What is at the ribosome in the cytoplasm?
100
A mutation that does not change the resulting amino acid sequence and therefore has no effect on the protein.
What is a silent mutation (type of point mutation).
200
This group of nitrogenous bases have a chemical structure with two rings. Examples include adenine and guanine.
What are purines?
200
This enzyme is responsible for adding free DNA nucleotides to the new strands of DNA in the 5' - 3' direction.
What is DNA polymerase?
200
This is synthesized during transcription.
What is a mRNA strand?
(DNA is too big to leave the nucleus, so the single stranded mRNA strand takes the message from DNA to the cytoplasm for translation)
200
This is synthesized during translation.
What is a protein?
200
A mutation changes DNA to change from AAC to AAA. This type of mutation would be classified as --- (HINT- consider the changes made to the protein as a result of this mutation)...
What is a missense mutation (since it codes for a different amino acid)?
DNA: AAC with mutation AAA
mRNA: UUG UUU
leu phe
300
This is the term describing the orientation of the DNA molecule, where 5' end of one strand is across from 3' end of the other strand.
What is antiparallel?
300
These are small pieces of DNA that need to be sealed together due to the discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand.
What are Okazaki fragments?
300
This is the term used to describe a group of 3 bases in an mRNA strand that will code for an amino acid.
What is a codon?
300
This 3 letter code is not used to code for the amino acids, but it is used to help recognize the correct placement of amino acids in the growing protein (found on a tRNA molecule).
What is the anticodon?
300
A mutation changes DNA to change from AGT to ATT. This type of mutation would be classified as --- (HINT- consider the changes made to the protein as a result of this mutation)...
What is a nonsense mutation (since it codes for a stop codon instead of an amino acid)?
DNA: AGT with mutation ATT
mRNA: UCA UAA
ser stop
400
This type of weak bond forms between bases.
How many bonds form between A and T? Between C and G?
What are hydrogen bonds?
2 hydrogen bonds between A-T
3 hydrogen bonds between C-G
400
This is the strand of DNA that is being replicated continuously in the 5'-3' direction towards the replication fork.
What is the leading strand?
400
The template strand of DNA used for transcription has the code 5'-AGCGTACCA-3'. This is the code expected for the resulting mRNA strand... in the 5'-3' direction.
DNA 5'-AGCGTACCA-3'
mRNA 5'-UGGUACGCU-3'
400
The ribosome stops the translation process when it reaches this.
Translation begins with this?
What is a stop codon? (UAA, UAG, UGA)
What is the start codon? (AUG = met)
400
This is the term used to describe how the information encoded in DNA is expressed through proteins
(DNA ---(transcription)---> RNA---(translation)---> protein).
What is the central dogma of biology?
500
Name two ways in which a DNA nucleotide differs from a RNA nucleotide.
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine (along with A, G, C)
RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil (along with A, G, C)
500
The order of nucleotides on a DNA template strand is
5'-AAGCGTAG-3'. What is the complimentary DNA strand?
These are the parts of the DNA sequence that do not code for any part of the protein and are excised out of the mRNA strand prior to the mRNA leaving the nucleus.
What are introns?
(exons are the part of DNA that do code for proteins)
500
These are the three types of RNA. Give a description of each of their functions within protein synthesis.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA - make up ribosome
tRNA - transfer RNA - bring amino acids to the ribosome to be incorporated into the growing protein
mRNA - messenger RNA - take the information in DNA, transcribe it to direct protein synthesis.
500
This type of mutation is usually very bad for the cell because it changes the sequence of amino acids from the point of the mutation on due to an addition or deletion of a base.