Unit 3 exam review

Enzymes

100

Enzymes lower __________ to readily allow a reaction to occur

Activation Energy

200

A __________  __________ is a series of biological reactions that use enzymes to complete a metabolic process

metabolic pathway 

300

_____ Type of change occurs to the enzymes during feedback inhibition 

conformational changes 

400

Enzymes are _______, meaning they speed up rxns

catalyst 

500

How are metabolic pathways regulated?

through feedback inhibition, where the concentration of the final product will cause a conformational change on the beginning enzyme of the pathway 

Cellular Respiration

100

What is the main product of cellular respiration? 

ATP!!

200

What things are required for cellular respiration to occur? 

oxygen and glucose

300

After what step does fermentation occur and why? 

After glycolysis, no O2 is present

400

Why is there a range of how much ATP is produced during cell resp.?

    Because it is very dependent on the energy around to create ATP, and the efficiency of the cell to complete the process.

   The ATP yield from cellular respiration varies because of factors like the efficiency of the electron transport chain and proton movement, and variations in how cells handle electron carriers like NADH and FADH2

500

Why are electron carriers used? What are the 2 you need to know?

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Electron carriers, specifically NAD+ and FAD, are crucial in cellular respiration because they transport high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain, where their energy is used to generate ATP

Photosynthesis

100

True or False: Plants undergo cellular respiration. 

YES!

200

What are the two main components of photosynthesis? 

Light dependent rxns & Calvin cycle(light-independent) 

300

What is the condensed formula of photosynthesis? 

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

400

Why are plants green? 

Because the chloroplast are absorbing red and blue, emitting green

500

Where does glucose go after photosynthesis? 

Stored for energy around the plant 

Chemistry

100

What is redox short for? 

reduction-oxidation

200

What is energetic coupling, and why is it beneficial? 

-Powers and endergonic rxn with and exergonic one

-Allows efficient transfer of energy to power complication processes

300

What value will the delta G of a reaction be if it is exergonic? 

Negative 

400

What are the first 2 laws of thermodynamics? 

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, meaning it can't be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The second law states that in a closed system, entropy (a measure of disorder) always increases, meaning natural processes tend towards a state of greater disorder

500

If energy is invested, it is a ______ reaction

This happens during ______

1. endergonic

2. during glycolysis

Misc.

100

Enzymes are primarily composed of what macromolecule? 

Proteins!

200

Why is the mitochondria known as the powerhouse of the cell? 

Because this is where ATP is going to be produced

300

Define autotroph, heterotroph, and photoautotroph

Autotrophs:

• Also known as "producers". 
  
  
• Synthesize organic molecules (like sugars) from inorganic sources (like carbon dioxide and water). 
  
  
• Use energy from sunlight (photoautotrophs) or chemicals (chemoautotrophs) to power this process. 
  
  
• Examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.
  Heterotrophs:

• Also known as "consumers". 
  
  
• Obtain energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. 
  
  
• Examples include animals, fungi, and many bacteria.
• Photoautotrophs:

• A specific type of autotroph. 
  
  
• Use light energy, primarily sunlight, to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds (like sugars) through photosynthesis. 
  
  
• Examples include plants, cyanobacteria, and some algae. 

400

Is ATP produced in photosynthesis? If so, when and how much?

Yes, ATP is produced in photosynthesis, specifically during the light-dependent reactions, where light energy is used to generate ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugar. During photosynthesis, plants produce 18 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose synthesized.

 light-dependent reactions can be summarized as: 12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + 18 Pi + light and chlorophyll yields 6 O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP.

500

When will plants have to primarily rely on cellular respiration for energy? 

Nightime=no sun=no photosynthesis