Exceptional Experiments
This scientist's work with pea plants led to him being known as the Father of Genetics.
Who was Gregor Mendel?
Mendel's Law of Segregation describes the division of genetic information during this process.
What is meiosis?
One protein's worth of information.
What is a gene?
These traits are determined by more than one gene; in some cases even hundreds.
What are polygenic traits?
Like Mendel's white flowers, they can disappear for a generation after being crossed with the other type.
What are dominant and recessive traits?
A British geneticist's work with poultry led to him developing this 2D model of inheritance.
What is a Punnett square?
This large enzyme, made up of many different proteins, is responsible for transcription, the conversion of DNA to RNA.
What is RNA polymerase?
A group of three nucleotides, used during translation.
What is a codon?
Straight hair and curly hair which can combine to form wavy hair are an example of this pattern of inheritance.
What is incomplete dominance?
Like A to T and C to G, these allow one side of a DNA molecule to act as a template for the other.
What are base-pairing rules?
Chargaff's testing showed that the ratio of adenine to thymine was one to one, which led to the discovery of this.
What are base pairing rules?
tRNA, transfer RNA, consists of two parts; one which attaches to amino acids and this structure, which attaches to mRNA.
What is an anticodon?
The whole thing, all of an organisms's genetic information.
What is the genome?
Found in prokaryotic cells, this structure helps ensure they don't manufacture proteins they don't need.
What is an operon?
Unlike a point mutation, these can change the whole structure of a protein even to the point that it can't function.
What are frameshift mutations?
Her X-ray imagery of DNA led to Watson and Crick's realization that it had a double-helix as a shape.
Who was Rosalind Franklin?
These modifications, performed in eukaryotic cells prior to releasing mRNA from the nucleus, allows one gene to encode for multiple different proteins.
What are introns and exons?
The one way flow of information, from DNA to RNA to polypeptides.
What is the central dogma?
Whether physical or chemical, these environmental factors change the rate at which errors occur in replication.
What are mutagens?
Colorblindness, hemophilia, if a mother has these conditions then so will all her sons.
What are sex linked disorders?
Experiments demonstrating this phenomenon, where bacteria become a different strain, led to the discovery of DNA as the carrier of genes.
What is transformation?
Genetic linkage can be described as the opposite of this process, where homologous chromosomes exchange information.
What is crossing over?
One of 20, these molecules form chains to make proteins.
What are amino acids?
Seen in the coats of cats, this process creates more variation in female mammals.
What is X chromosome inactivation?
Even though they're more often found in nature, we mark these traits with a -, while their rarer counterpart gets a +.
What is the wild type?