Mitosis
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
Growth & repair of cells
What is the main purpose of meiosis?
To produce gametes
Which scientist came up with the base pair rule and what is that rule?
Erwin Chargaff, A-T and C-G
What base is in RNA that is not found in DNA?
Uracil
What is a mutation best defined as?
A change in the DNA sequence
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
somatic (body) cells
Which type of cells undergo meiosis?
Sperm & egg cells
What makes up a nucleotide? What makes up the backbone of DNA?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
Alternating sugar/phosphate
How many codons are shown in this gene? TACCCGGCAGGTACTACU
6
What are the 3 types of gene/point mutations?
Insertion, deletion, substitution
What are the phases of mitosis in order?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What is the correct order of the stages of meiosis?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
What is the main purpose of DNA replication within cells?
To ensure the accurate duplication of genetic information
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in cells?
To carry genetic information from DNA found in the nucleus to the ribosome
The normal hemoglobin DNA sequence is:
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C T C
The mutated (sickle cell) hemoglobin DNA sequence is:
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C A C
What kind of mutation is this?
Substitution
What is the result of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells from a single parent cell
What phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?
Prophase I
Describe 5 enzymes involved in DNA replication
Helicase-unzips the double strand by breaking hydrogen bonds
Topoisomerase- prevents supercoiling
Primase-makes primers to signal where to start building the new strand
DNA polymerase- builds the new strand of DNA by adding complementary nucleotides
Ligase-glues Okazaki fragments
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in cells?
To transfer amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Which type of mutation results from the addition or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the gene?
Frameshift
At the end of mitosis, how many chromosomes do each daughter cell have?
Each daughter cells contains the same number of chromosomes are the parent cell, which is 46
Why is meiosis referred to as a reduction division?
It produces 4 unique cells, with half the # of chromosomes as the parent cell
Describe the 3 steps of DNA replication: Initiation, elongation, termination
Initiation- Helicase unzips the double strand. Topoisomerase prevents supercoiling. Primase makes primers that signal where to build the new strand.
Elongation-DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to build the new strand of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction.
Termination-RNA primers are removed. Ligase joints the Okazaki fragments together
Describe transcription & translation & where they occur
Transcription-To convert DNA into mRNA, occurs in the nucleus
Translation-To assemble amino acids into a protein, occurs in the ribosome
What would the mRNA sequence be for the mutated (sickle cell) hemoglobin DNA?
C A C G T A G A C T G A G G A C A C
G U G C A U C U G A C A C C U G U G
or
GUG CAU CUG ACA CCU GUG