Health outcomes / conditions
Which health status indicator is a measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years of full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Health adjusted life expectancy
What message is in the top left corner of the Healthy Eating Pyramid
Limit salt and added sugar
State five challenges in bringing about dietary change are...
Available time
Education
Willpower
Personal preference
Convenience
Influence of family, culture, society and religion
Food marketing
Medicare is...
Australia's universal health insurance scheme available to all Australians.
Identify the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter.
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
Explain the difference between incidence and prevalence
Incidence is the number or rate of NEW cases of a particular disease during a specified period of time (usually a 12 month period) whilst prevalence is number or PROPORTION of cases of a particular disease or condition in a population at a given time
Identify three factors which impact the success of health promotion programs in reference to engagement and reach
- Culturally sensitive and inclusive
- Educating / upskilling participants who can then pass on this knowledge to others
- Accessibility of the program in relation to the geographical location and cost
- Social support provided, providing networks and connections to community
- Incentives, rewards or recognition
Australian Dietary Guideline number 3 is...
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
Three services covered by Medicare are...
Doctor consultations
X-rays
Eye tests
Pathology tests
Fee-free treatment in public hospitals
What is meant by 'reorient health services'
Focus moves from diagnosing, treating, curing illness to preventing it occurring in the first place.
Health professionals are used to educate people of preventative strategies to promote health and wellbeing.
Explain how burden of disease is measured.
Using the summary measure disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). One DALY is 1 year of ‘healthy life’ lost due to illness (non-fatal burden, Years Lived with Disability) and/or death (fatal burden, Years of Life Lost).
A subjective concept that relates to the negative aspects of health and wellbeing and how one feels about disease
Illness
Explain how high intake of fat may lead to atherosclerosis
Overconsumption of fat, especially saturated and trans, raises low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Excess LDL cholesterol can build up on the walls of blood vessels, resulting in plaque, narrowing the arteries.
Two advantages and two disadvantages of Medicare.
Advantages: choice of Doctor for out-of-hospital treatment, available to all Australian citizens, covers tests and examinations performed by a Doctor, Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial support.
Disadvantages: no choice of Doctor for in-hospital treatment, waiting lists for many treatments, does not cover alternative therapies, often does not cover the full amount of visiting a Doctor.
The five principles of the social model of health are...
Addresses the broader determinants/factors of health
Acts to reduce social inequities
Empowers individuals and communities
Acts to enable access to healthcare
Involves intersectoral collaboration
Identify three ways that health and wellbeing acts as a resource globally.
-Promotes sustainability
-Promotes social development
-Reduces risk of disease transmission between countries
-Assists in promoting peace and stability
-Promotes economic development / social development
-World peace and security
-Increased productivity and ability to access resources required for decent standard of living
-Optimal global trade
How is Body Mass Index measured and what is considered to be an overweight measurement?
Weight (kg) / height (m)2
Overweight = 25-29.9
Obese = 30+
Explain how diets low in fibre increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
Fibre slows down the rate of digestion, delaying blood glucose absorption from the small intestine, thus regulating blood glucose levels. Diets low in fibre are therefore associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Permanent and significant disability
Under the age of 65
Disability-specific supports required to complete daily life activities
Three strategies for health promotion are...
Advocate
Enable
Mediate
Explain how smoking can impact the burden of disease
-Smoking causes fault in the cells as they divide. This can lead to the development of tumours therefore increasing risk of cancer. This can increase the risk of death, therefore YLL due to premature death.
-Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease as it damages the lining of the arteries, leading to a build-up of plaque, narrowing the artery and reducing blood supply, therefore increasing years lived in poor health due to cardiovascular disease (YLD)
- Smoking introduces harmful chemicals and carcinogens into the body, which can damage the DNA in cells as they divide. THis can lead to mutations, increasing the risk of uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumours, which can be cancerous which can lead to premature death (Years of Life Lost - YLL).
Outline three examples of how Australia's health system promotes health in relation to equity
Medicare Safety Net lowers the out of pocket medical costs for people who people incur high out-of-pocket medical expenses over a calendar year. Once they reach the threshold, higher Medicare benefits will occur.
PBS Safety Net lowers the out of pocket costs of medication for people who people incur high out-of-pocket medication expenses over a calendar year. Once they reach the threshold, higher PBS subsidies will occur.
Medicare levy surcharge taxation differs based on income, those with a higher income who don't obtain PHI must pay more
Concession card holders recieve further Medicare and PBS subsidies, reducing the cost of health services and medicines
NDIS support and funding is based on what is 'reasonable' and 'necessary' to pursue personal goals, therefore those who need additional support will recive more funding
Explain how the underconsumption of vegetables increases the risk of cancer.
Vegetables contain antioxidants which work to reduce the impact of free radicals on the body. Free radicals damage body cells and increase the risk of cancer.
Vegetables contain fibre which is a protective nutrient against colorectal cancer as fibre promotes the feelings of fullness decreasing the risk of overeating. Obesity is a risk factor for many cancers.
Outline four incentives the government has created to encourage Australians to take out private health insurance.
Rebate: 10-30% discount on insurance premiums which is income tested.
Lifetime health cover: people who take out cover after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums every year. Encourages younger people to take out private health insurance.
Medicare Levy Surcharge: additional 1 – 1.5% taxation for high-income earners who do not obtain PHI
Age-based discount: 2% off premiums for each year under 30, capped at 10%
Provide two examples for each action area of the Ottawa Charter in addressing smoking within Australia
Building healthy public policy:
- Increase in tobacco taxation
- Plain packaging on tobacco products
- Banning tobacco advertising
Create supportive environments
- Banning smoking in public places
- Quitline and online support coaches provided through the program
Strengthen community action
- Working with the state government to change legislation
- Partnering with VicHealth to develop health promotion initiatives
- Providing health resources for schools, workplaces and other community groups
Develop personal skills
- Website provide advice and strategies to assist people to quit
- Media campaigns educate the community on the harmful effects of smoking
Reorient health services
- Educate healthcare professionals on how to effectively support patients
- Having education pamphlets in doctors offices on how to quit
- Healthcare professionals educating patients on positive coping strategies so they don’t use cigarettes during times of stress