Physical Development
A pregnant woman contracts rubella during her first trimester. After birth, her child has vision and heart complications linked to prenatal exposure.
What developmental concept explains the harmful substance that affected the fetus?
Teratogen
A 9-month-old searches under a blanket to find a toy that was hidden moments earlier
object permanence
A child’s daily interactions with parents, teachers, and close friends most directly shape their development.
Which level of environmental influence is this?
microsystem
A previously neutral tone is repeatedly paired with food until it triggers salivation.
What is the tone called after conditioning occurs?
CS
A baseball coach gives praise after every successful hoemroom, increasing the likelihood players will practice more.
Reinforcement
A toddler begins walking, jumping, and climbing stairs independently What type of coordination is this?
Gross Motor Coordination
A 4-year-old uses a banana as a pretend telephone while talking to a parent.
In which stage of cognitive development is this child most likely?
Preoperational Stage
Parents are highly warm and accepting but provide few rules or boundaries.
Which parenting style is being demonstrated?
Permissive parenting
A dog salivates automatically when food is placed in its mouth.
What is this natural, unlearned reaction called?
UR
A child receives a sticker for cleaning their room, increasing the likelihood they will clean again.
What type of reinforcement is this?
Positive Reinforcement
When a doctor taps a newborn’s cheek, the baby automatically turns its head toward the touch without learning the behavior.
Rooting Reflexes
A preschooler insists that the sun is “happy” because it is shining brightly.
What tendency is the child demonstrating?
Animism
An infant becomes extremely distressed when a caregiver leaves and is not easily comforted upon return.
Which attachment pattern is this?
Anxious attachment
A dog stops salivating to a tone after the tone is repeatedly presented without food.
What process is occurring?
Extinction
After repeatedly failing math tests despite studying, a student stops trying altogether, believing they cannot succeed.
What psychological condition is this?
Learned Helplessness
A 52-year-old woman has not had a menstrual cycle in over a year and reports hormonal changes such as hot flashes.
menopause
A high school student can solve algebraic equations involving variables without needing concrete examples.
What type of thinking does this demonstrate?
Abstract Thinking
A teenager imagines themselves as a future doctor, parent, or entrepreneur while planning goals accordingly.
What developmental concept describes these imagined future identities?
Possible selves
After conditioning, a dog salivates to tones that are similar, but not identical, to the original tone.
What process is this?
Stimulus generalization
A person checks their phone repeatedly because notifications arrive at unpredictable times.
Which specific reinforcement schedule is this?
VI
A child exposed to music training before age five develops exceptional musical ability, while a child exposed later improves but not as dramatically.
Sensitive Period
A child can solve a puzzle with assistance from a parent but cannot yet complete it independently.
What developmental range does this describe?
Zone of proximal development
An elementary school child feels competent after mastering reading and math skills.
Which psychosocial stage is this?
Industry vs inferiority
A dog salivates to one specific tone that was paired with food but not to similar tones.
What ability is this demonstrating?
Stimulus Discrimination
A factory worker earns a bonus after producing every 50 items.
Which specific reinforcement schedule is this?
FR