DEVELOPMENT BASICS
This debate examines how genetics and environmental experiences contribute to development.
What is nature vs. nurture?
These harmful environmental agents can cause developmental abnormalities before birth.
What are teratogens?
According to Piaget, these are mental frameworks that help children organize and interpret information.
What are schemas (schemata)?
These are the smallest distinctive sound units in a language.
What are phonemes?
In classical conditioning, this stimulus naturally produces a response without prior learning.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS/US)?
This type of research compares different age groups at one point in time.
What is a cross-sectional study?
An infant automatically turns toward something touching their cheek. What newborn reflex is being demonstrated?
What is the rooting reflex?
A child sees a cat for the first time and calls it a "dog" because it has four legs and fur. Which Piagetian process is occurring?
What is assimilation?
These are the smallest units of language that carry meaning.
What are morphemes?
A teacher gives a student extra credit for completing optional practice, causing the student to complete more practice. What type of consequence is this?
What is positive reinforcement?
A psychologist follows the same group of students from age 8 until age 18 to study changes in social behavior. What research design is being used?
What is a longitudinal study?
Harry and Margaret Harlow's rhesus monkey research demonstrated that infants may prefer this over simply receiving food.
What is contact comfort?
After learning that cats and dogs are different animals, the child changes their existing mental framework. What process has occurred?
What is accommodation?
An infant repeatedly produces sounds such as "ba-ba-ba" and "da-da-da." Which stage of language development is this?
What is babbling?
A driver fastens their seat belt to stop the car's annoying warning sound, making them more likely to buckle up quickly in the future.
What is negative reinforcement?
A psychologist asks whether personality traits remain consistent throughout life or change as people age. Which major developmental theme is being investigated?
What is stability vs. change?
Parents establish clear rules and expectations but are also responsive to their child's needs. Which parenting style does this describe?
What is authoritative parenting?
A child understands that the amount of water remains the same even after it is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow glass. Which concept has the child mastered?
What is conservation?
A young child says, "Daddy go work," using mostly essential words while leaving out smaller connecting words. What stage of language development is demonstrated?
What is telegraphic speech?
A parent takes away a teenager's phone after the teenager breaks curfew in order to reduce the behavior. What operant-conditioning consequence is this?
What is negative punishment?
One theory says development occurs gradually, while another says development occurs through distinct stages. What developmental debate does this represent?
What is continuity vs. discontinuity?
In ecological systems theory, family members, classmates, and other groups that have direct contact with an individual belong to which system?
What is the microsystem?
A teenager can reason about hypothetical situations and abstract concepts. According to Piaget, which stage has the teenager reached?
What is the formal operational stage?
A child learns that "-ed" indicates past tense and begins saying words such as "goed" instead of "went." What language-development error is this?
What is overgeneralization?
A slot machine rewards a gambler after an unpredictable number of responses. Which reinforcement schedule is being used?
What is a variable-ratio schedule?