Respiratory 1
Respiratory 2
Kidney 1
Kidney 2
Potpouri
100
Name IN ORDER the structres/airways that air flows through
What is nose/nares, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli
100
Name the two reasons why partial pressures of gases are different in our lungs as compared to in the external air
What is air is humidified when inhaled, thus adding a relevent PH20 in our lungs, and we are mixing new air with old air, which means we have a much higher PCO2 in our lungs.
100
Name the functions of the kidney
What is 1.osmoregulation, 2. excretion of toxins, wastes, hormones, and 3. Produces hormones (Mainly EPO)
100
What happens to the osmolarity gradient as we go farther down into the renal medulla?
What is increases
100
During the bicarbonate method of CO2 transport at the tissues, when the bicarbonate is moved OUT of the RBC, what ion is moved IN to the RBC to stabilize the acid/base balance?
What is cloride
200
During "quiet" inspiration at sea level, what is the pressure (in mmHg) in the lungs? What about quiet expiration?
What is Inspiration - 759 mmHg....Expiration - 761 mmHg
200
Name the two ways that Oxygen is transported in the blood. Which method is more common?
What is dissolved in plasma, bound to Hb... bound to Hb
200
If Net filtraton pressure is 8 mmHg, and the Filtration Coefficient is 14.5(mL/min)/1 mmHg, then what is the flow rate in the nephron in ONE DAY?
What is 8 mmHg x 14.5 (mL/min)/1 mmHg = 116 mL/min....116 mL/min x 1440 min/day = 167,040 mL/day
200
Tell me in order the flow of filtrate in the nephron from structure to structure
What is Bowman's Capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, Collecting Duct
200
In the PCT, reabsorption and secretion processes are _________(constant/varied) while reabsorption and secretion processes at the DCT and Collecting Duct are _________ (constant/varied)
What is constant, varied
300
What are the three types of cells found in the alveoli? Name a function of each cell
What is Type I (lines wall of alveoli.... thin --> rapid diffusion of gas), Type II (secretes surfactant.... reduces surface tension), immunity cells (attacks/destroys pathogens in alveoli)
300
How does lung surfactant reduce surface tension in the alveoli
What is Breaks the hydrogen bonds that are found at the surface of the layer of water that lines the alveoli... the hydrogen bonds at the surface are the strongest, and if we didn't have surfactant, then our alveoli wouldn't be able to expand during inhalation.
300
Name at least 3 things that get reabsorbed and 3 things that get secreted
What is Reabsorbed: Na+, Cl-, glucose, amino acids, water....Secreted: wastes, H+, drugs, K+
300
What is the hormone that primarily acts on the DCT? What is its function?
What is Aldosterone, functions to reabsorb sodium
300
When we have an increase in osmolarity in the blood, what are two things that the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus trigger?
What is thirst, ADH secretion (increase water retention)
400
What are the receptors that detect PO2 and PCO2 levels? Where are they located?
What is Peripheral: Aortic arch/carotid sinuses, detect PO2....Central: CNS/Brain (blood-brain barrier), detect both PO2 and PCO2
400
Name 3 of the 4 conditions that will shift the Oxygen Hemoglobin Dissociation curve to the right
What is high PCO2, high temperature, low PH, high amounts of 2,3 BPG
400
What are the 3 forces found in the glomerulus that drive Glomerular Filtration Rate and what is the net filtration pressure?
What is Hydrostatic (from glomerulus), Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic) in Glomerulus, Hydrostatic (from Bowman's Capsule).... net filtration pressure is 10 mmHg
400
At the loop of Henle, _________ is leaving the descending limb, which ____________ (increases/decreases) the concentration of filtrate inside the tubule while _____________ is leaving the ascending limb, which __________ (increases/decreases) the concentration of the filtrate
What is 1. water, 2. increases, 3. Na/Cl, 4. decreases
400
What are three ways our blood is buffered, and how fast is each method?
What is 1. Buffering at the ECF/ICF and the bicarbonate equation (seconds) 2. Respiratory regulation (minutes) 3. Kidney regulation of HCO3- generation (hours)
500
Name the four ways Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
What is bound to Hb in the RBC, bound to plasma proteins, carried as a bicarbonate, dissolved in the plasma
500
Tell me the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the blood in the following parts of the body: 1. blood LEAVING the alveoli, 2. blood in the major arteries, 3. blood LEAVING the systemic capillary beds, 4. blood ARRIVING at the alveoli Assume we are at sea level
1. PO2: 100 mmHg, PCO2: 40 mmHg.....2. PO2: 100 mmHg, PCO2: 40 mmHg....3. PO2: 40 mmHg, PCO2 46 mmHg....4. PO2: 40 mmHg, PCO2 46 mmHg
500
Name the two ways water is reabsorbed at the collecting duct (Hint: one of them is influenced by a hormone)
What is 1. ADH triggers water reabsorption and binds to a receptor on the membrane of the endothelial cell of the CD... thus opening water channels called aquaporins 2. The farther we go down the Renal pyramid, the higher the osmolarity, which will trigger more water reabsorption. The CD is permeable to water.
500
Explain the process of Tubuloglomerular feedback
What is speed of flow of filtrate is high, sensed by macula densa (cells located on the wall of DCT), send a signal to the Smooth muscle of the walls of the afferent arteriole, stimulates the afferent arteriole to constrict, reduces GFR
500
When we have a drop in blood pressure/flow of filtrate...Renin, which is secreted from the __________, activates _________ (secreted from the liver) which will turn into ___________. Next, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, secreted from the __________ will convert ___________ to ____________. Finally, this will lead to the secretion of aldosterone, which promotes sodium uptake, and thus increase blood pressure.
What is Macula densa/kidney....Angiotensin.....Angiotensin I....lungs.....Angiotensin I.....Angiotensin II
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