Nervous Tissue
Spinal Cord & Nerves
Brain & Cranial Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Special Senses
Endocrine System
100
Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary body functions?
Somatic Nervous System
100
What are the 3 meningeal tissue coverings of the CNS from outside to inside? What spaces do they cover?
Dura Mater – Covers subdural space
Arachnoid Mater – Covers subarachnoid space
Pia Mater
100
What brain structures are found in the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
100
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
100
What is the name of the receptors responsible for taste? What category of receptor is it?
Gustatory receptor cells
Chemoreceptor
100
Name a primary Endocrine gland.
Anything whose only function is to secrete hormones.
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pineal Gland
200
Which neuroglial cell performs phagocytosis to clear out microbes and debris in the nervous system?
Microglia
200
The cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are found in what spinal cord structure?
Anterior Gray Horn
200
What make up the circumventricular organs?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal gland
200
Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate?
Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
200
2nd order sensory neurons transmit olfactory information to what part of the brain?
Primary olfactory area in Temporal Lobe
200
What two hormones are synthesized in the Hypothalamus but secreted by the Posterior Pituitary? What tissues do they target?
Oxytocin – Uterus, Mammary glands
Antidiuretic Hormone – Kidneys, Blood Vessels
300
Provide a function of the myelin sheath.
- Provides electrical insulation
- Increases the speed of action potential propagation
300
What are the components of a spinal reflex?
Sensory receptor, Sensory neuron, Integrating center, motor neuron, effector
300
What region of the brain controls breathing rhythmicity and complex reflexive behaviors like sneezing and coughing.
Medulla oblongata in the brain stem
300
Where do parasympathetic postganglionic neurons originate?
Terminal ganglia
300
What type of taste papillae contain 100-300 taste buds each?
Circumvallate papillae
300
What hormone does white adipose tissue secrete and helps with the maintenance of body weight?
Leptin
400
What type of neuron is this classified as? AND name a special sense that utilizes them?
Bipolar neuron
Vision or Olfaction
400
The cervical plexus originates from which spinal nerves?
C1-C5
400
Which region of the brain contains the Arbor vitae and coordinates posture, balance, and learning of motor skills
Cerebellum
400
Are postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division long or short.
Long
400
What is the pathway of tears?
Lacrimal gland –> Lacrimal duct –> superior or inferior lacrimal canal –> Lacrimal sac –>Nasolacrimal duct–> Nasal cavity
400
What hormone performs the opposite function of Parathyroid hormone?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid – increases Ca2+ concentration by increasing bone resorption by osteoclasts
Calcitonin – Lowers Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and accelerating Ca2+ uptake into bone matrix
500
A cluster of nerve cell bodies inside the Central Nervous System.
Nucleus
500
What nerve plexus does median nerve come from? What does it innervate?
Brachial plexus
Flexors of forearm (anterior), muscles of lateral palm; skin of lateral 2/3 palm & fingers
500
Myelinated axon tract that connect gyri within a hemisphere.
Association fibers
500
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons secrete what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine.
They are cholinergic neurons.
500
What portion of the eye contains a layer of blood vessels?
Choroid of the Vascular Tunic
500
Which region of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralcorticoids like aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa (outer zone)
600
A neuronal circuit where a chain of neurons can send signals to earlier neurons in the pathway to trigger continual stimulation.
Reverberating circuit
600
What nerve plexus does the femoral nerve come from? What does it innervate?
Lumbar Plexus
Thigh flexors & extensors; skin over anterior & medial thigh, medial leg & foot
600
What region of the brain receives sensory information from the body? What lobe is it found in?
Primary somatosensory cortex or Postcentral gyrus
Parietal lobe
600
The cell bodies of both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons contain what type of receptors?
Nicotinic receptors – which bind ACh
600
Which portion of the vestibular system senses horizontal acceleration?
Utricle
600
Name three hormones secreted by the Anterior Pituitary. What are their target tissues?
Growth Hormone – Liver, muscle, bone, etc.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone – Thyroid gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone – Gonads
Prolactin – Mammary glands
Luteinizing Hormone – Gonads
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – Adrenal Cortex
700
Which neuroglial cell is required to convert blood plasma into Cerebrospinal Fluid in the choroid plexuses?
Ependymal Cells
700
The structure that demarcates the end of the spinal cord.
Conus Medullaris
700
What area of the brain controls muscles involved in producing speech? What lobe is it found?
Broca's area
Frontal lobe, left hemisphere
700
Effectors that are innervated by sympathetic postganglionic neurons contain which types of receptors?
Alpha or Beta (1, 2, or 3) Adrenergic receptors
700
Where does aqueous humor drain from the anterior chamber of the eye?
Scleral Venous Sinus or Canal of Schlemm
700
What are the target tissues of Insulin? What is its function?
Skeletal muscle, Liver, Adipose Tissue
LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE by:
-accelerating glucose transport into cells
- increasing glycogenesis
- decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
- increases lipogenesis & protein synthesis
- decreases lipolysis & protein degradation
800
List the connective tissue coverings of a nerve and what they cover.
Epineurium – Wraps around the entire nerve
Perineurium – Wraps around nerve fascicles
Endoneurium – Wraps around individual axons
800
Where are the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons found in the spinal cord?
Lateral gray horn
800
Which 3 cranial nerves controls eye muscles to control movement of the eye ball?
Cranial Nerve 3 – Oculomotor
Cranial Nerve 4 – Trochlear
Cranial Nerve 6 – Abducens
800
Effectors that are innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons contain what type of receptors?
Muscarinic receptors
800
Which region of the cochlea separates the cochlear duct from scala tympani?
Basilar membrane
800
Which hormones increase blood-glucose levels, reduce inflammation, and dampen immune response?
Glucocorticoids (particularly cortisol)