Cetaceans
What type of animal did Whales evolve from?
land animals
What part of the whale helps it to retain heat?
fat/blubber
Where is the salt gland located on a seabird and what is its purpose?
near the eyes, to excrete excess salt
true or false: nearly all seabirds nest in isolation from members of their own species
false
What marine mammals are included in the sirenia?
manatees, dugongs, and sea cows
What marine mammals make up the suborder Pinnipedia?
seals, walruses, and sea lions
How are shorebirds different from seabirds?
they have a greater dependency on terrestrial sites for nesting and often migrate between 2 sites on continents
What animals are included in the Cetaceans?
whales, dolphins, and porpoises
What structure do cetaceans use to breath?
blowhole
What are the four main groups of seabirds?
penguins, the petrels and their families, the pelicans, and the gulls and their allies
What is one disadvantage of colonial nesting sites?
intense competition and fighting for limited breeding sites
lower supply of food
Why are Sirenia more likely to be injured by boats?
they are sluggish and move slowly
they live in shallow waterways
true or false: Pinnipeds have a layer of blubber to keep them warm
false
What are the main 2 places shorebirds migrate from?
nesting grounds and feeding grounds
What are the 2 main type of whales/cetaceans?
Odontoceti- toothed whales
Mysticeti- the baleen whales
Odontoceti are whales that are distinguished by what?
their mammalian teeth
Name 2 ways penguins maintain body heat
have a layer of blubber and a thick layer of feathers
have countercurrent exchange in blood circulation in the wings and feet
a complex nasal passage heat exchange system that retains heat as the birds exhale
Name 2 different ways male seabirds attract mates
nesting site, coloration of male, male displays, vocalizations, feeding the female
Name 2 mechanisms marine mammals have evolved to deal with the constraints of deep diving
Increased volume of arteries and veins
storage of oxygen attached to myoglobin in muscles and high concentrations of other globins in brain tissue, which prevents hypoxia in the brain
ability to carry more oxygen per unit volume of blood
Decreased heartbeat and oxygen consumption rate
Restriction of peripheral circulation to limbs and maintenance of circulation to abdominal organs
What are the 2 types of pinnipeds?
true seals and eared seals
what characteristic of shorebird nesting makes them vulnerable to predation?
they nest on the ground
True or false: Sound travels faster in water
true
What are 2 reasons sound is used in odontocetes?
echolocation and communication
What group of seabirds can smell DMS as shown by research and what does DMS tell the seabird?
the petrels and their allies, it tells them where phytoplankton blooms are located which allows them to track down their prey
What is an advantage of nesting sites on a cliff?
isolation from predators
What adaptations do marine animals have that combats the bends?
by having low lung capacities, limiting blood flow between the lungs and the rest of the circulatory system, and allowing their lungs and rib cages to collapse to limit the retention of any extra gas
Name 2 differences between eared seals and true seals
true seals: Have small external ear opening and short backward pointing hind flippers that are used for propulsion in water. Move clumsily on land but agile in water
eared seals: Can fold their rear flippers forward, sit on them, and use them for propulsion on land. Have an external ear and relatively longer necks
What is distinct/varies between shorebirds that indicates their feeding habits?
How do Odontocetes communicate and what can they use to do it?
through a series of sonic and ultrasonic clicking signals
they use their melon, lower jaw, and blowhole to produce and receive sound
true or false: most Odontocetes travel in pods
true
What group of seabirds stays mostly close to land?
the pelicans and their relatives
What marks the end of the fledging period of seabirds?
the ability to fly
Name 2 different marine reptiles
sea snakes and sea turtles
Name 2 mating habits of pinnipeds
the males fight over territory and females
males use vocalizations to advertise their territories
females arrive after males to the breeding grounds
go to a beach or rocky shore area to mate and rear young
Name one distinct type of feeding in shorebirds
running and stabbing, chiseling and hammering, pecking and probing, probing in the sediment
what is echolocation?
when animals can accurately estimate distance on the basis of travel and return time of the clicks
What is the purpose of baleen in the Mysticetes?
strain water allowing the whales prey to remain in the mouth
What group of seabirds is the most diverse?
the gulls and their allies (terns and Auks)
Why do seabirds migrate?
to find food and to nest and breed
Name the 7 species of sea turtles
loggerhead, green, hawksbill, leatherback, flatback, Kemp's ridley, olive ridley
name 3 adaptations otters have to be adapted to the marine environment
streamlined body, modified appendages, and hair with an air layer that can be used as a thermal barrier to reduce heat loss
Name some species of shorebirds
oystercatcher, plovers, turnstones, sandpipers
What is baleen made out of?
keratin
What are some reasons why whales migrate?
to search for food and for breeding
What appears to be an advantage of monogamy in seabirds?
ensure earlier breeding and increased survival of young
What are 2 main strategies seabirds employ to hunt food?
underwater swimming and flying
What are some threats to sea turtles?
light pollution, water pollution, bycatch
What to sea otters mainly prey upon and what can they use to eat their prey?
mainly benthic invertebrates such as sea urchins and mollusks
they use rocks and crush their prey in order to open their shell and eat the insides
name some prey species of shorebirds
invertebrates and crustaceans