Genetics
Allele
protein synthesis
this process is also known as survival of the fittest
Natural Selection
a lock and key.
In mRNA, Adenine (A) base pairs with...
Uracil, U
This describes an individual with different alleles for the same trait.
Heterozygous
These are the nucleotide bases of DNA and their complementary bases.
Adenine -> Thymine
Thymine -> Adenine
Cytosine -> Guanine
Guanine -> Cytosine
Describe what is a fossil and one way we can use them to study evolution.
A fossil is a naturally preserved remain or trace of an organism. Scientists can compare the structure or formation of ancient remains to modern species to analyze for evolutionary relationships.
The building blocks of proteins are...
Their function is determined by
The building blocks are amino acids.
The physical Shape detemrines function because its a protein!
The role of enzymes are...
to speed up chemical reactions. they aren't a part of the reaction though
What are the percentages of offspring genotypes when a heterozygous individual reproduces with a homozygous dominant individual?
50% Heterozygous
50% Homozygous dominant
Describe the relationship between DNA, proteins and traits.
DNA is the genetic code that serves as the code/instructions for making proteins.
Proteins and their sequences are determined by DNA sequences, resulting in unique 3D molecules.
The traits that are expressed by individuals depends on the proteins that are made.
Homologous Structures that compare bones in species such as whale, bats, humans and horses are important because?
Homologous structures have similar internal structure, but different function. This shows that species share similar structures/organs. Although, they evolved divergently to allow the structures to have different functions, best suited for their environment.
People who produce more of the enzyme amylase are known to have more saliva than those who have less amylase. Describe the mechanism that can cause people to produce amylase versus little to no amylase.
The people that produce alot of the enzyme amylase have the DNA to encode for it. This DNA is actively transcribed into amino acids to make the protein (amylase enzyme)
A genetic mutation is known as...
a random or induced change in DNA sequence.
Describe a cause of a mutation and a potential consequence of mutations.
no consequence if mutation does not affect overall gene/amino acid.
negative/positive consequence if the amino acid sequence is altered.
Describe 2 similarities and 2 differences between DNA and RNA
Similarities: both contain C, G, A
both have phosphate backbone + sugar.
both have vital roles in making proteins
Differences:
DNA has T while RNA has U
DNA double-stranded, RNA single stranded
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.
Give 2 examples of molecular evidence and explain how they can be used for evidence of evolution
DNA Sequences
Gel Electrophoresis
Protein/Amino Acid Sequence Comparison
Describe what can cause a defective protein to be synthesized.
A protein will be defective when...
A change/mutation in the DNA sequence, altering the amino acid sequence.
A protein may be defective if its physical shape is changed. again, possibly due to change in DNA or enviornmental changes that affect the shape. - denature
Describe 3 different types of evidence we have for evolution.
1. homologous structures
2. analogous structures
3. vestigial structures
4. fossil remains
5. dna sequecning
6. protein sequencing
7. Embryological evidence
Describe the relationship between DNA, cell, chromosome, gene, nucleus
DNA - genetic information for all life
Cell - performs cellular functions to carry out life functions + make proteins
Chromosome - made up of genes coiled up.
gene - dna segment that codes for 1 protein
nucleus - location of chromosomes and control center of cell.
Describe how DNA eventually results in proteins using the vocab.
DNA, mRNA, protein, transcription, translation, tRNA.
DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
mRNA leaves nucleus and finds ribosome
Ribosome begins translation by reading mRNA transcript.
Codons on mRNA paired with anti-codons on tRNA. Amino acids are linked together to form proteins.
A sudden change in the environment caused it so that only large and hard almond seeds were available for finches to consume.
Describe 3 things can happen to finches in a population that already live there.
1. individuals have large beaks are better adapted by luck. - they will reproduce and pass on genes, population eventually is mostly large beaks if environment remains
2. individuals may migrate and locate to other areas where food is available for them
3. individuals who cannot eat the almond seeds die out.
4. those who can eat it but less competitive may still survive, but their traits inherited at lower rates.
A fever fights infections involving proteins because...
Your body causes itself to heat up to abnormally high internal temperatures.
Pathogens have proteins that cannot function at higher temperatures, thus killing or weakening them for your immune system. Your body and enzymes can still function and tolerate at the higher temp.
After the pathogens die off, your body temp returns to normal.
DNA replication and DNA transcription are different and similar because... (atleast 1 of each)
1. both involve the initial unwinding or opening up of a double strand DNA
2. both involve base-pairing the original DNA sequence
3. DNA replication makes exact copy, transcription results in RNA transcript
4. DNA polymerase vs. RNA polymerase used to add bases
5. DNA replication used for cell division, transcription used in protein synthesis steps.