Attachment and Parenting
According to Erikson, the psychosocial conflict that occurs during the teen years
Identity vs. Role Confusion
A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli
A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
Operant conditioning
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Learning
The strange situtation procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth was designed to assess this
Attachment
Parenting style in which the parents are both demanding and responsive; they exert control by setting rules, but are willing to make exceptions
Authoritative
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned response to elicit similar responses
Generalization
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing an aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement
Learning by observing others
Observational learning
A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Temperament
Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver’s return
Secure attachment
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Law of effect
Learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence
Associative learning
An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Parenting style in which the parents are mostly demanding and less responsive; they impose rules and expect obedience
Authoritarian
A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioned behavior
A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Shaping
A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment
Cognitive map
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been associated with a conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
The most important factor influencing attachment according to the Harry Harlow monkey study
Contact comfort
The diminishing of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
Extinction
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
Fixed ratio
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Latent learning
A biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
Preparedness