General developmental
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate over the relative importance of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining behavior and traits
Positive Vs. Negative
Reinforcements Vs. Punishment
Positive stimulus (increase activity) Vs. Negative stimulus (decrease activity
the addition of a stimulus Vs the removal of a stimulus
Jean Piaget best known for
his theory of cognitive development in children
What psychologist developed the 8 stages of psychosocial development
Erik Erikson
Psychologist that developed observational learning
Albert Bandura
Critical Period
A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned
Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery
The initial stage of learning when a response is first established
The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause
The diminishing of a conditioned response
Formal Operational Stage age range and description
generally seen after 12 years of age
associated with the ability to think abstractly, hypothetically, and logically
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0–1 year) Vs. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: 0–1 year): infants learn whether or not they can trust others to meet their basic needs
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood: 1–3 years): exploring independence—walking, talking, and making simple choices
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating behavior
Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Psychologists who discovered classical and operant conditioning and what was their experiment
Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through experimenting with dogs
B.F. Skinner discovered classical conditioning through experimenting with mice and pigeons (Skinner box)
Preoperational Stage age range and description
children begin to use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, leading to pretend play, drawing, and the development of mental imagery
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3–6 years)
Vs. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6–12 years)
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3–6 years): begin to assert power, take initiative in play, and make up activities. They want to take on leadership roles and ask many questions
Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6–12 years): learning skills, working on tasks, and comparing themselves to peers
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that fire when performing or observing an action
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Generalization Vs Discrimination
Generalization is The tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination is The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
Concrete Operational Stage age range and description
children begin to think logically about concrete events and can understand concepts like conservation and classification
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12–18 years) Vs. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18–40 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12–18 years): Teens explore their personal identity, values, beliefs, and goals. They may try out different roles to see what fits
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18–40 years): In early adulthood, people seek deep, intimate relationships and emotional connection
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Assimilation V. Accommodation
Assimilation: Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
Accommodation: Adapting current schemas to incorporate new information
Classical Vs. Operant
Classical conditioning is conditioning by connecting an innate stimulus to an unrelated stimulus to elicit a reaction. Operant conditioning is adding or removing a positive or negative stimulus to either increase or decrease a certain behavior
Sensorimotor Stage age range and description
infants primarily learn about the world through their senses and physical actions. They explore their surroundings by touching, grasping, sucking, and moving objects
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40–65 years) Vs. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood: 65+ years)
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40–65 years): Adults aim to contribute to society through work, family, or community involvement—leaving a legacy
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood: 65+ years): As people reflect on life, they evaluate whether it was well-lived and satisfying
what experiment was conducted to develop the idea of observational conditioning and what was the experiment
Bobo doll experiment
Aggressive Model Group: Children watched an adult (a model) behave aggressively toward doll
Non-Aggressive Model Group: Children watched an adult play calmly and ignoring the Bobo doll
Control Group: Children saw no model at all
children who experienced aggression were more likely to display aggression