Localisation of function in the brain
The area of the brain responsible for the creation of meaningful sentences is called
Wernicke's area
The type of receptor that is in charge of colour vision is...
Cones
The duration of long-term memory is
Permanent
Describe a positive punishment
Gives the individual something unpleasant in return for their behaviour
Define spinal reflex
Spinal reflex is a quick, often monosynaptic connection that allows for instant decisions to be made in the spinal cord in response to stimuli without the brain having to process the information
What are the three types of constancy?
Size, shape and brightness
What is the measure of retention that involves identifying previously learnt information from a list or group of alternatives?
Recognition
In which type of learning is the learner considered passive
classical conditioning
Sensory neuron
Identify one Gestalt principle
Any of the following:
- similarity
- continuation
- closure
- proximity
- figure-ground
- symmetry
- order
When other memories cause problems with the retrieval of information from long-term memory, it is known as
Define spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning
Spontaneous recovery is when a behaviour that was previously extinct comes back after a random time.
Explain how the sympathetic nervous system can help an individual survive a potential threat
The sympathetic nervous system is in charge of activating the fight-flight-freeze response. This helps to increase the chance of survival against a threat because it prepares the body for action - that is to run away from danger or to fight the danger. The body does this by increasing blood flow to the muscles to prime them for action, inhibiting unnecessary functions temporarily.
Rod receptors are used for
Night vision
Describe the role of the cerebellum in storing and retrieving memories
The role of the cerebellum is to store and retrieve implicit memories. These memories are stored when an individual practises a physical skill and the neurons in this area are strengthened.
Describe two ethical considerations that were overlooked in the 'Little Albert' case study by Watson and Rayner (1920)
1. Albert was only a baby and therefore was unable to give informed consent
2. All psychological experiments should avoid psychological harm, and this one did not
Distinguish between the role of glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain
Glu is an excitatory neurotransmitter whereas GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
In an experiment by Wispe & Drambarean (1953), participants were either given food or deprived of food for a period of time prior to experimentation.
In the experiment, researchers flashed either neutral or food-related words on a screen. They found that participants who were deprived of food more readily recognised the food-related words.
Explain how motivation influences visual perception, with reference to psychological and physiological factors.
Motivation can influence how we interpret the world around us. It can be influenced by psychological factors, including interests, mood and priorities. Motivation can also be influenced by physiological factors such as pain, hunger etc., which predispose you to be more aware of stimuli that may address those needs.
For example, participants in the food-deprived words, demonstrating that the physiological factor of being hungry influences visual perception.
Summarise the working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch
The working model of memory involves the following components:
1. central executive - makes the decisions and coordinates the other components
2. visuospatial sketchpad - short-term memories that involve spatial and visual aspects of the environments
3. phonological loop - involves the auditory short-term memory in the environment
4. episodic buffer - temporarily stores the long-term memory in the short-term memory so that it can be incorporated with the other aspects of the working memory
Describe learned fear responses, using an example from the 'Little Albert' case study by Watson and Rayner (1920)
A learned fear response is the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the individual is conditioned to respond in fear to the neutral stimulus.
For example, a large bar was struck, making a loud noise, when a rat was presented to Little Albert, resulting in a learned fear response. This manifested as crying when he was presented solely with the rat and other similar white furry animals and objects.