Learning Theories
The type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior.
What is Classical Conditioning?
The term that refers to the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
What is Maturation?
This psychologist is best known for his theory of cognitive development with four distinct stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational an formal operational.
Who is Jean Piaget?
This term refers to a strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver.
What is attachment?
The psychologist famous for discovering classical conditioning through his work with dogs.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The stage from birth to 2 years when rapid physical growth is paired with major sensory and motor development.
What is the Infancy Stage?
When a child changes their schema to better fit new information, Piaget called this process__.
What is the accommodation?
According to Erik Erikson, the primary psychosocial task of adolescence is to achieve this.
What is identity?
In operant conditioning this increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated by added a pleasant stimulus after the behavior.
What is Positive reinforcement?
The automatic, inborn physical responses to stimuli seen in newborns, like rooting and sucking.
What are Reflexes?
Piaget believed this skill, achieved in the formal operational stage, enables individuals to use deductive logic an predict outcomes.
What is systematic reasoning?
In Mary Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" experiment, this type of attachment is shown by children who are distressed when their caregiver leaves but are easily comforted when they return.
What is secure attachment?
The theory that we learn by watching others and imitating their behaviors called.
What is Observational Learning/ Modeling?
The part of the brain that continues developing into a person's mid-20’s, especially important for judgement and decision making.
What is the Prefrontal cortex?
This term describes a child's ability to understand that quantity remains the same, despite changes in shape or appearance which develops in the concrete operational stage.
What is conservation?
This parenting style, is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, an is associated with the most positive developmental outcomes.
What is authoritative parenting?
The device that B.F Skinner used to study operant conditioning in animals like rats and pigeons.
What is the Skinner Box or Operant conditioning chamber?
The cells that are overproduced early in development and then selectively “pruned” based on experience.
What are Neurons?
This term refers to a child's ability to mentally reverse a series of steps. A skill that typically develops starting the concrete operational stage.
What is reversibility?
This term describes a child's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, often considered the foundation of later personality.
What is temperament?