Parenting & Attachment
Which parenting style is high in warmth and high in control?
Authoritative parenting
According to Erikson, which stage is about learning to trust caregivers in the first year of life?
Trust vs. mistrust
Which stage covers birth to about two years and includes object permanence?
Sensorimotor stage
A baby clings to mom in a new setting but calms after a minute and begins exploring. What attachment style is this?
Secure attachment
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an experiment?
Independent = manipulated; Dependent = measured
In the Strange Situation, how does a securely attached infant typically react when the caregiver returns?
They’re happy to see the caregiver, seek comfort, and calm quickly
What is the main developmental task for adolescents in Erikson’s theory?
Identity vs. role confusion
During which stage do children master conservation?
Concrete operational stage
A 4-year-old insists a taller glass has “more juice,” even when shown it’s the same amount. Which Piagetian concept is missing?
Conservation
Which lobe of the brain processes visual information?
Occipital lobe
Give one likely outcome for children consistently raised with an authoritarian style.
Obedient but lower self-esteem / poorer social skills
Give an example of a preschooler successfully navigating “initiative vs. guilt.”
Taking initiative on a game or story and feeling proud when supported
A 9-year-old can reason about real objects but struggles with hypotheticals. What stage is this?
Concrete operational
A teenager tries different clubs and styles to “figure out who they are.” Which Erikson stage fits?
Identity vs. role confusion
Define “classical conditioning” and give a real-life example.
Learning by pairing stimuli; e.g., dog salivates when hearing can opener
A caregiver comforts a baby sometimes but ignores them at other times. Which attachment style may result, and why?
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment – caused by inconsistent caregiving
Name the positive outcome that results if a young adult succeeds at “intimacy vs. isolation,” and describe a risk if they fail.
Achieving close relationships and commitment; failure = isolation/loneliness
Explain “egocentrism” and give an example from the preoperational stage.
Viewing the world only from one’s own perspective (e.g., describing a picture as if others see the same)
Parents explain house rules and ask for feedback before finalizing them. Which parenting style?
Authoritative
Explain the purpose of REM sleep and how it differs from non-REM sleep.
REM = vivid dreams, brain active; NREM = deeper, restorative sleep
Explain how an authoritative parent might handle a child refusing to follow bedtime rules, and why that approach supports healthy attachment.
Set clear bedtime expectations, explain why, listen to concerns, and follow through calmly — keeps structure while supporting security
Put these stages in order from earliest to latest: industry vs. inferiority, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, integrity vs. despair, generativity vs. stagnation.
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt → Industry vs. inferiority → Generativity vs. stagnation → Integrity vs. despair
Describe how you could test whether a student has reached formal operational thinking in class.
Pose a hypothetical problem (“What if gravity stopped?”) and see if they reason abstractly
A student is given a hypothetical (“What if gravity disappeared?”) and reasons through possible outcomes. Which cognitive stage is this?
Formal operational
Compare and contrast sensation and perception using a concrete example from everyday life.
Sensation = detecting input (e.g., light); Perception = organizing it (recognizing a red apple)