Blood Vessels
Which blood vessels carry blood toward the heart, and which carry blood away from the heart?
Veins; arteries
Increase in blood viscosity will have what effect on vascular resistance?
Resistance will increase
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filtering lymph, immune response
Gas exchange occurs in which zone: conducting or respiratory?
Respiratory zone
Where are baroreceptors located?
Carotid sinus, aortic arch
Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle and allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Tunica media
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels
The lymphatic ducts empty into where?
Subclavian veins
Define Boyle's Law and Dalton's Law.
Boyle's Law: Pressure and volume are inversely related; as volume increases, pressure decreases
Dalton's Law: The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture
What is the function of baroreceptors?
Monitoring/maintenance of blood pressure
What is the pulse pressure of a patient with a blood pressure of 110/70? (PP=SBP-DBP)
PP=40 mmHg
Describe what happens to resistance, blood flow, and blood pressure during vasoconstriction.
Resistance and blood pressure increase, blood flow decreases
Where does each lymphatic duct drain lymph from?
Right lymphatic duct- right arm, right side of head & thorax
Thoracic duct- rest of body
Which muscles are used during inspiration, expiration, and forced expiration?
Inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals
Expiration: none (diaphragm and external intercostals relax)
Forced expiration: Internal intercostals
Chemoreceptors respond to what changes in the blood?
O2, CO2, pH
What are the differences between arteries and veins?
Arteries: thicker tunica media, more elasticity, carry blood away from the heart
Veins: contain valves, larger lumen, carry blood toward the heart
Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect heart rate and blood pressure.
Sympathetic: Increases heart rate and blood pressure, vasoconstriction
Parasympathetic: Decreases heart rate and blood pressure, vasodilation
What is the function of the cisterna chyli?
Acts as a conduit for lipid products of digestion, most common drainage trunk of body's lymphatics
Define tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
Tidal volume- volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal, quiet breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume- maximum amount of air inhaled through forced inhalation
Expiratory reserve volume- maximum amount of air exhaled through forced exhalation
What is atherosclerosis?
A condition that involves the buildup of plaque in arteries, which narrows the vessel lumen and can reduce blood flow to tissues
What are the three types of capillaries and where are they found?
Continuous, fenestrated, sinusoid:
Continuous- central nervous system (BBB)
Fenestrated- small intestine, kidneys
Sinusoid- liver, spleen, bone marrow, pituitary, adrenals, lymph nodes
Describe the process of the skeletal muscle pump and its effect.
The contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins, pushing blood toward the heart. One-way valves prevent backflow, which increases venous return and cardiac output.
Explain how lymphedema (long-term swelling due to lymph buildup) develops after lymph node removal during surgery for cancer.
The surgical removal of lymph nodes disrupts normal drainage from the leg. Without properly functioning lymphatic vessels and nodes, lymph fluid cannot return to the bloodstream and instead accumulates into the tissues, causing swelling.
If a person's tidal volume is 500 mL, their dead air is 150 mL, and their respiratory rate is 10 breaths per minute, what is their alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)?
*AVR=(TV-dead air) x respiratory value
(500-150)x10=3500mL/min=3.5L/min
Explain the baroreceptor reflex response to a sudden drop in blood pressure.
BP drops --> baroreceptors sense a decrease in stretch --> SNS is activated --> heart rate and contractility increase, vasoconstriction --> BP rises