French Absolutism
This king is known as the most powerful example of absolutism in Europe.
Louis XIV
This new governing body, created by Peter the Great, replaced the position of Patriarch and placed the Russian Orthodox Church under state control.
The Holy Synod
This monarch strongly believed in the Divine Right of Kings and clashed with Parliament.
James I
These Prussian nobles controlled peasants and served in the military elite.
The Junkers
This trading company made the Dutch Republic a global commercial power in the 17th century.
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Louis XIV’s finance minister who developed mercantilism to grow French wealth.
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
These Russian nobles were forced to serve the state, shave beards, and follow royal orders.
The boyars
This king was executed during the English Civil War, shocking Europe.
Charles I
This monarch turned Prussia into a military-bureaucratic state and strengthened absolutism.
Frederick William I
This political and military leader, often from the House of Orange, served as the chief executive in several provinces of the Dutch Republic, though his power was limited compared to absolute monarchs in Europe.
The stadtholder.
This grand palace became a symbol of Louis XIV’s absolute power and control over the nobility.
Versailles
This war against Sweden gave Russia access to the Baltic Sea and strengthened the military.
The Great Northern War
This military leader ruled as Lord Protector following the English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell
These rebellious nobles in the Habsburg lands lost power after their defeat in the Thirty Years’ War.
The Bohemian Estates
The Dutch Republic attracted this religious group fleeing persecution in Spain and Portugal in the late 16th century.
Sephardic Jews
This decree revoked the Edict of Nantes and led thousands of Huguenots to flee France
Edict of Fontainebleau
This administrative reform reorganized military and government ranking based on merit.
The Table of Ranks
This peaceful transfer of power in 1688 placed William and Mary on the throne.
The Glorious Revolution
This Austrian palace rivaled Versailles as a symbol of absolutist magnificence.
Schönbrunn Palace
This city became the financial and commercial center of the Dutch Republic, famous for its ports and trade. The Dutch developed several financial innovations. What are some examples?
Amsterdam
These noble uprisings between 1648–1653 convinced Louis XIV to strengthen royal authority.
The Fronde
This 1703 city became Russia’s “window to the West,” built using forced labor.
Санкт-Петербург
This 1689 document limited royal authority and established constitutional laws in England.
The English Bill of Rights
This economic philosophy in Prussia emphasized efficient state administration and military funding.
Cameralism
Though known for its tolerance, this was the most common religious practice in the Netherlands.