Cell Cycle
The stage of the cell cycle where DNA copied.
What is S Phase
During which stage do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
This term describes a tumor that remains localized, does not invade neighboring tissues, and is generally non-cancerous.
Benign
This group of organic macromolecules includes enzymes, structural components, and membrane channels, all built from amino acid monomers.
Proteins
A eukaryotic cell spends roughly 90% of its life in this non-dividing state, during which it grows, performs routine metabolic functions, and replicates its DNA in the S phase.
The 3 phases of interphase
G1, S, G2
During which stage do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
These normal cellular genes code for proteins that stimulate cell division and growth before being mutated.
proto-oncogenes
Found in eukaryotic cells, this double-membraned organelle converts glucose into ATP through cellular respiration.
Mitochondria
asbestos, uv light, cigarette smoke, etc.
A cell has 12 chromosomes before DNA replication. How many chromosomes does it have after DNA replication?
12
Put the four stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Known as the 'guardian of the genome,' this protein halts the cell cycle to repair damaged DNA or trigger programmed cell death.
p53
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water moves out of the cell across the semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient through this specific process.
Osmosis
During metaphase, spindle fibers attach to this specific central region of duplicated chromosomes to align them along the middle of the cell.
Centromere
A cell grows but never copies its DNA. Why would this prevent normal cell division?
The cell would not have duplicated its genetic information to distribute to both daughter cells
A body cell has 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes should each daughter cell have after normal mitosis and cytokinesis?
16
This process of programmed cell death is systematically initiated when a cell undergoes irreparable genomic damage
apoptosis
During DNA replication, this enzyme unwinds and separates the double helix by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases
helicase
Normal cells that exit the active cell cycle enter this resting phase, but cancer cells bypass it and continuously divide.
G0
What happens after mitosis?
cytokinesis
A student observes chromosomes condensing and becoming visible inside a cell. Which stage of mitosis is most likely occurring?
Prophase
In a lab dish, healthy skin cells form a single neat layer and stop growing once they touch, whereas cancer cells lack this regulatory trait and pile up on top of one another. What is this trait called?
surface inhibition
What 2 parts of a nucleotide make up the backbone of the DNA molecule?
phosphate and deoxyribose
If a cancer cell's spindle fibers fail to pull sister chromatids apart during this specific phase of mitosis, daughter cells end up with incorrect numbers of chromosomes.
Anaphase