Byzantine Empire
Which Byzantine ruler sought to restore the old Roman Empire through military campaigns and legal reform?
Justinian
Who unified the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire?
Genghis Khan
Who is considered the founder of Islam?
Muhammad
What two goods were the main items exchanged in trans‑Saharan trade?
Gold & salt
What trade network relied on camel caravans?
Trans‑Saharan
What famous church did Justinian build?
Hagia Sophia
What key military advantage helped Mongols conquer vast territories quickly?
Horseback cavalry
Composite bow
What is the holy book of Islam?
Quran
Which West African leader made a famous pilgrimage showing immense wealth?
Mansa Musa
What city was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
Which leader helped stabilize the empire by advising Justinian and standing firm during the Nika riots?
Theodora
Which major land trade network flourished under Mongol protection?
Silk Roads
What set of duties includes prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage?
Five Pillars
Which city in Mali became an important center of learning and trade?
Timbuktu
Which group preserved and expanded trade routes across Asia in the 1200s?
Mongols
Name two differences between the Roman Church and the Byzantine Church that led to the Great Schism of 1054?
Pope vs. Patriarch
Religious Icons
Official Language of the Church
Clergy Marriage
Communion Bread
Which city’s destruction shifted power northward in medieval Russia?
Kiev
Explain the difference between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims (be specific!)
Sunni - believed leadership should be chosen
Shi'a- believed leadership should be a descendent of Muhammad
Which empire rose after Mali and built a strong military and administrative system?
Songhai
Name the 5 Pillars of Islam:
Faith
Pilgrimage (Hajj)
Fasting
Prayer
Almsgiving (Charity)
Which empire conquered Constantinople in 1453?
Ottomans
What Mongol ruling group controlled Russia through local princes collecting tribute?
Golden Horde
Name TWO Islamic scholars AND what they are known for.
Ibn Sina - Canon of Medicine
Ibn Battuta - traveler (The Journey)
Al-Khwarizmi - al-jabra
Describe a way that Islam merged with local customs as it spread across West Africa.
Mixed with Animism
Less restrictive towards woman
Often existed alongside magic
Explain the process of cultural diffusion in East Africa.
Monsoon winds = merchants spending months in different regions
Swahili = Bantu + Arabic