Emotional appeals based on getting the audience to feel a certain way
What is pathos?
100
Unfairly appeal to the audience’s emotions
What are emotional fallacies?
100
Unreasonably advance the writer’s own authority or character
What are ethical fallacies?
100
Depend upon faulty logic
What are logical fallacies?
100
Suggests that one thing will lead to another, oftentimes with disastrous results
What are slipery slopes?
200
Ethical appeals based on the character of the speaker
What is ethos?
200
Use of emotions to distract the audience from the facts
What are sentimental appeals?
200
Asks audiences to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer assertion
What is false authority?
200
Draws conclusions from scanty evidence
What is hasty generalizaton?
200
Reduce complicated issues to only two possible courses of action
What are either/or choices?
300
Logical appeals based on logic and reason
What is logos?
300
Use of misleading or unrelated evidence to support a conclusion
What are red herrings?
300
When someone offers personal authority instead of proof
What is authority instead of evidence?
300
Confuse chronology with causation: one event can occur after another without being caused by it
What is faulty causality?
300
Create an unnecessary desire for things
What are false needs?
400
Emotional implication related to the word
What is connotation?
400
Trying to frighten people into agreeing with the arguer by threatening them or predicting unrealistically dire consequences
What are scare tactics?
400
Calls someone’s character into question by examining the character of that person’s associates
What is guilt by association?
400
A statement that does not logically relate to what comes before it
What is non-sequitor?
400
Attacks a person’s character rather than that person’s reasoning
What is ad hominem?
500
Dictionary definition of the word
What is denotation?
500
Encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so
What is bandwagon appeal?
500
Compares minor problems with much more serious crimes (or vice versa)
What is moral equilavence?
500
A half-truth, or a statement that is partially correct but that purposefully obscures the entire truth
What is equivocation?
500
Sets up and often dismantles easily refutable arguments in order to misrepresent an opponent’s argument in order to defeat him or her