Agricultural Revolution
This movement involved wealthy English landowners buying up small farms and enclosing them with fences, forcing small farmers into cities in search of work.
What is the Enclosure Movement?
Driven by growing job opportunities, this term refers to the rapid population shift from rural areas to cities.
What is urbanization?
Translating from French to "hands off," this economic principle asserts that government should not interfere with or regulate business operations.
What is laissez-faire?
Industrial workers formed these voluntary association groups to advocate collectively for safer working environments and better wages.
What are labor unions?
He created the most functional version of the steam engine, drastically reducing shipping costs and fueling global industrial growth.
Who is James Watt?
Invented by Jethro Tull, this device drastically reduced the amount of seed required by 80 percent, raising agricultural output at a lower cost
What is the seed drill?
Replacing the handmade domestic system, this new manufacturing setup used division of labor and assembly lines to mass-produce goods.
What is the factory system?
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that market economies are guided by three natural laws: self-interest, competition, and this rule.
What is supply and demand?
When factory owners rejected workers' demands, unionized laborers frequently used this tactic of refusing to work until negotiations improved.
What is a strike?
To keep their factories operating non-stop, industrialized nations placed heavy pressure on less-developed countries to supply these essential resources.
What are raw materials?
Rather than requiring fields to lie fallow for a "rest" year, "scientific farmers" used this practice to replenish soil nutrients and increase crop yields annually.
What is a crop rotation?
Due to severe overcrowding, polluted water, unpaved streets, and lack of drainage, the average lifespan for a city dweller dropped to this age in 1842.
What is 17 years?
Karl Marx used this social label to identify the wealthy "haves" or middle-class factory owners who controlled the means of production.
Who are the bourgeoisie?
Passed by Parliament in Great Britain, this reform law made it illegal to employ children under the age of nine and capped workdays for older children at 12 hours.
What is the Factory Act?
As industrialized nations sought raw materials to supply their factories, agricultural nations in Asia, Africa, and South America fell behind and became victims of this policy.
What is imperialism?
Introduced from the Americas, these two high-yielding food crops grew well even in harsh European soil.
What are corn and potatoes?
Outraged by machines replacing human workers, this group engaged in industrial sabotage by smashing factory equipment and attacking owners.
Who are the Luddites?
Under this economic system, the factors of production—such as factories, mines, and railroads—are owned by the public and managed by the government for the welfare of all.
What is socialism?
This piece of British reform legislation capped the maximum daily work duration for women and children in factories at ten hours.
What is the Ten Hours Act?
As factories mass-produced goods, industrialization significantly widened this divide between industrialized nations and non-industrialized societies.
What is the wealth gap?
Great Britain held key geographic and resource advantages for industrial development, including access to waterways and abundant supplies of these two minerals
What are coal and iron?
To keep machinery running constantly, factory owners typically forced the average industrial laborer to work this many hours per day, six days a week.
What is 12-14 hours a day?
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels predicted that this exploited working class—the "have-nots"—would revolt and seize control of industrial factories.
Who are the proletariat?
This term describes the process where union representatives negotiate workplace terms directly with employers as a unified group.
What is collective bargaining?
Industrial production and technological advances allowed these two geographic regions to gain tremendous global economic power.
What are Western Europe and the United States?