Name the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the human nervous system
Glutamate
True/False -
Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors
False
True False
As we age, we require a greate proportion of REM sleep in comparison to NREM sleep
False
Which behaviour is most commonly associated with specific phobia?
A) Seeking out the feared object to desensitize themselves
B) Avoidance behaviour to prevent encountering the feared object
C) Indifference toward the feared object
D) Aggression towards the feared object
B
Explain one ethical consideration that needs to be adhered to
Informed consent, voluntary participation, withdrawal rights, deception, debriefing
The role of an axon during neurotransmission is to
carry the nerve impulses away from the cell body
According to the multi-store model of memory, when Justin wants to retrieve a phonenumber from long-term memory, the number will be moved from ____ to ____.
Long term Memory
Short Term Memory
Identify and define two physiological ways to measure sleep
EEG, EMG, EOG
1.How does LTP relate to phobic stimuli?
A) It helps a person forget the fear associated with the phobic stimulus
B) It strengthens the connection between the stimulus and the fear response
C) It reduces the anxiety linked to the stimulus
D) It only applies to pleasant memories, not fear
B
True/False
A limitation of fieldwork is that results may not be replicable due to minimal control of extraneous variables.
True
Identify two characteristics that classify seratonin as a neuromodulator
Any of the following:
- Long lasting effects, Released in a slow manner, far reaching effects (effects many neurons), moderates brain activity in particular regions, modifies effect of neurotransmitter
Stephen caught his dog Scruffy pooping on his expensive rug. Stephen yelled at scruffy and kicked him out of the house.
What is the ABC for Scruffy?
Antecedent: Scruffy’s need to go to the toilet
Behaviour: Scruffy pooping on the rug
Consequence: Positive punishment - Being Yelled at and kicked out the house. less likely to repeat in the future
Cognistive - allertness, focus, attention, decision making, problem solving etc
Behavioural - reaction time, clumsiness, risk taking behaviour, etc
Define catestrophic thinking
Catastrophic thinking is a thinking style which involves overestimating, exaggerating or magnifying an object or situation and predicting the worst possible outcome.
define random sampling and demonstrate how random sampling could be achieved to ensure representaiveness of the population.
Population is students at Blackburn High School
Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study
random name generator, names in a hat etcOutline two roles of the vagus nerve in the gut-brain axis
- Afferent (sensory role)
- Efferent (motor role)
- bidirectional communication
- transmits signals influenced by seratonin, indirectly influencing mood, stress responses and cognition
For weeks, Lily’s teacher would flick the lights on and off right before giving the class a surprise quiz. Now, whenever the lights flicker, she starts feeling nervous, even when there’s no quiz.
Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CR, and CS
NS: Flickering lights
UCS: Surprise quiz
UCR: Nervousness to quiz
CS: Flickering lights
CR: Nervousness to lights
Provide two differences in sleep patterns of newborns and older adults
duration of sleep episode
frequency of naps
proportion of light or deep sleep
Explain how a person with a fear of spiders could use breathing retraining, to support their exposure to a spider
This would involve the person learning and practicing the breathing retraining technique before being exposed to spiders.
They would learn how to consciously control and slow their breath (e.g. box breathing), so that when they see a spider they can put this technique to use, which
will help to restore the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide and activate the parasympathetic NS, promoting a state of relaxation
If someone wanted to test the repeatability of their results they would have to ...
conduct the same investigation again using the same participants
Evaluate the explanatory power of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome to account for an increase in heart rate during nightmares
- High explanatory power
- GAS model is a biological model of stress. As the change in heart rate is a physiological/biological change this would appropriately account for the changes occuring during nightmares
Gus has just started to learn how to skateboard and has been going to the skatepark with his friends any chance he gets. Now that he knows the basics of how to skateboard, Gus wants to learn a few tricks so that he can impress his friends. Hugo, who is of similar age to Gus, is a TikTok influencer who shows viewers how to do tricks. Gus notices that Hugo gets heaps of comments and likes on his videos so watches them intently and practices the tricks that Hugo is demonstrating in the video.
Apply each stage (ARRMR) of observational learning to this scenario.
Attention - Gus must actively watch Hugo’s TikTok videos, concentrating on the tricks Hugo is demonstrating.
Retention - Gus must make a mental representation of the steps involved to complete the trick shots
Reproduction - Gus’s ability to reproduce the tricks depends on his current skill level, his physical and mental capabilities.
Motivation - Gus has the desire to impress his friends and the external rewards (likes and comments) he sees Hugo receiving on TikTok.
Reinforcement - If Gus receives praise from his friends for completing the behaviour, this acts as a positive reinforcement making Gus more likely to repeat the behaviour in the future.
Compare and contrast how bright light therapy would be used for someone with DSPS and ASPD
Compare: both regulate circadian rhythms, both used to realign the circadian rhythm, both involve siilar durations of exposure to light
Contrast: DSPS requires morning exposure while ASPD requires evening exposure
Describe how a therapist could use systematic desensitisation as an evidence-based intervention to treat Troy’s phobia of flying (4 marks)
1. learn relaxation technique (eg)
2. Create fear Hierarchy (eg.)
3. start at bottom of fear hierarchy and pair the relaxation technique, only moving up when relaxation has been achieved
4. continue the process until the most fear inducing stimulus induces a relaxation response
Compare and contrast personal errors with random errors
Compare - both can cause unpredictable variations in the data collected
contrast - personal error involves error made in the calculations of the data while random errors are external to the experimenter and may include things like changes to the environment.