Development
The two most major influences on one's development. These have caused a large debate in the field of psychology.
What are nature and nurture?
This term refers to an infant’s automatic responses to certain stimuli, such as rooting or sucking.
What are reflexes?
A cognitive framework that helps organize information and understand the world.
What is a schema?
In classical conditioning, this stimulus naturally triggers a response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
This type of learning occurs by watching others and imitating behavior.
What is observational learning?
This psychologist proposed eight psychosocial stages of development.
Who is Erik Erikson?
Babies develop this sense of knowing that objects exist even when they can’t be seen, typically around 8 months. This occurs during the sensorimotor stage.
What is object permanence?
This term describes adjusting schemas based on new information.
What is accommodation?
You receive a ticket for speeding. This is an example of this type of reinforcement.
What is positive punishment?
Bandura demonstrated observational learning using this famous experiment.
What is the Bobo Doll experiment?
A term used to describe when a child believes that inanimate objects, like their stuffed animals, are alive or possess lifelike characteristics.
What is animism?
Key time period for attachment and skill learning, like Genie and language development.
What is a critical period?
This is the process of interpreting new experiences using existing schemas.
What is assimilation?
An infamous experiment where a baby was conditioned to fear a white rat.
What is the Little Albert experiment?
This occurs when someone believes they have no control over a situation and stops trying, often due to repeated failures.
What is learned helplessness?
The fifth stage of the psychosocial development theory in which adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self.
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
At around 6-8 months, infants often develop this fear response when encountering unfamiliar people.
What is stranger anxiety?
This is Vygotsky’s term for the gap between what a child can do alone vs. with help.
What is the zone of proximal development?
In operant conditioning, removing an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior is called this.
What is negative reinforcement?
When a student behaves well after watching another student be rewarded for the same behavior, this form of learning has occurred.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Piaget believed children in this stage begin using logic but struggle with abstract or hypothetical concepts.
What is the concrete operational stage?
This parenting style is demanding but also responsive and warm.
What is the authoritative parenting style?
The final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, where individuals gain the ability to think abstractly, reason logically about hypothetical situations, and engage in deductive reasoning.
What is formal operational?
A schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. This schedule creates a steady, high rate of response. Gambling and lottery games are good examples.
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
These neurons respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action. This can help us feel" what others feel.
What are mirror neurons?