Personality Theories
What does the Five-Factor Model seek to explain about individuals?
Traits and behavior
Which defense mechanism involves unconsciously blocking painful memories, such as forgetting a traumatic childhood event?
Repression
Who is the founder of psychoanalysis and known for his theories on the unconscious mind?
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of how individuals perceive themselves. What is this concept called?
Self-Concept
Who proposed that personality traits have biological foundations and are influenced by factors like arousal?
Hans Eysenck
Which trait in the Five-Factor Model is associated with sociability and enthusiasm?
Extraversion
If someone accuses others of being dishonest while struggling with their own dishonesty, which defense mechanism are they using?
Projection
Which psychologist is famous for his work on operant conditioning and reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
What occurs when there is a mismatch between how someone views themselves and their actual experiences?
Incongruence
In the Five-Factor Model, which trait describes a person’s willingness to explore new experiences and ideas?
Openness
According to Freud, where does the Id primarily operate?
Unconscious
After failing a test, a student says, "The test was unfair," to avoid feeling bad about their lack of preparation. What mechanism is this?
Rationalization
Who developed the hierarchy of needs, culminating in self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
According to Rogers, what emotional state arises when a person’s self-concept is threatened by incongruence?
Anxiety
Raymond Cattell identified how many core personality traits using factor analysis?
Sixteen traits
What are the unconscious strategies the ego uses to manage anxiety?
Defense mechanisms
A manager yells at an employee after a frustrating meeting with their boss. Which defense mechanism is at play here?
Displacement
Which humanistic psychologist emphasized self-concept and introduced the idea of unconditional positive regard?
Carl Rogers
Maslow organized human motivations into levels, starting with basic needs like food and safety. What is this theory called?
Hierarchy of needs
According to Eysenck, what two biological factors significantly influence personality?
Genetics and arousal
What stages in Freud’s theory describe how personality develops through childhood?
Psychosexual stages
What mechanism involves refusing to accept reality, such as a person ignoring a doctor’s diagnosis of a serious illness?
Denial
Which psychologist focused on individual psychology and introduced concepts like striving for superiority and inferiority complexes?
Alfred Adler
A person dedicating their life to creative expression and personal growth is reaching what level in Maslow’s hierarchy?
Self-actualization
What are the five broad dimensions of personality in the Five-Factor Model?
Big Five Traits - Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.