10a
DNA repair genes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes
Define donor and recipient
Donor- provides graft Recipient- recieves graft
Describe type 1 HS
IgE/Mast cell mediated
What are the 3 mechanisms of disease initiated by type 2 HS?
What types of defects are seen in SCID
defects in genes affecting B and T lymphocyte maturation
What are the 3 categories of tumor associated antigens
Wrong concentration, wrong place, wrong time
What genes do all individuals produce
6 class I MHC (3 from each parent), 6-7 MHC II (3-4 from each parent)
Which HS is allergy
TYPE 1
What happens in myasthenia gravis
•Myasthenia Gravis – Anti-ACh Receptor blocks muscle contraction and paralysis
Why would a defect in TLR signaling casue immunodeficiency
TLRs aid in intracellular, extracellular, and endosomal pathogens (?)
- They signal for destruction (APCs)
- TLRs play a role for APCs: phagocytosis, causes them to be “mature”
- DCs need activation signals from PAMPs or DAMPs
- Prevents cells from being in certain state
What are the 5 mechanisms of immune avoidance?
Down regulate MHC I, loss of tumor antigen, production of factors that inhibit T cells or DC (PD-1 or CTLA4), microenviornment that drives Treg development, suppressive cytokine production (TGF-b)
Can a minor MHC antigen elicit a response? If so what kind?
Yes, but it will be a weaker MHC
What are the inflammatory mediators mast cells release in Type I HS early events
histamine: increase vascular permeability and fluid accumulation in tissue
proteases: cause tissue damage
prostaglandins: vasodilation
leukotrienes: bronchial smooth muscle contraction
Name the target antigen and mechanism of disease for autoimmune hemolytic anemia
target: erythrocyte membrane protein
mechanism: opsonization and phagocytosis of erythrocytes
What are the ILs involved in the common gamma chain
IL-2,4,7,9,15,21
Describe the mechanism of antibody immunotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies to cell surface antigens or to block growth factors/receptors
Describe direct allorecognition
Donor DC present donor peptide on donor MHC to recipient T cells (activated recipient T cells recognize allo-PMHC and destroy)
What is the mechanism of epinephrine and corticosteroids?
Epinephrine: vascular smooth muscle contraction and inhibits bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increases cardiac output
Corticosteroids: reduce inflammation
Which disease: present microbial antigens from repeat or prolonged infection casue pathology
have to get both for full points
postreptococcal glomerulonephritis or malaria
Explain the PrEP HIV treatment
•preexposure prophylaxis- inhibitors of viral RT
cytokine release syndrome (all newly infused CAR-T cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines) and on-target off tumor effects (toxicity to normal tissue)
What is acute humoral rejection
Timing: days to weeks
CD4+ cells allow activation of allospecific B cells leading to complement activation
treatment: suppress T cell activation
What are the mechanisms of cyclosporine and rapamyacin
cyclosporine: blocks T cell cytokine production by inhibiting phosphatase calcineurin and blocks NFAT
rapamyacin: blocks lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting mTOR and IL-2 signaling
Name the treatments for T3 HS
immune suppression with corticosteroids, avoid/remove stimulus, treat underlying disease
Explain the ART HIV treatment
•ART- antiretroviral therapy
•Capsid inhibitors
•Entry/attachment inhibitors
•Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
•Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
•Protease inhibitors
•Integrase inhibitors
•Pharmacokinetic enhancers- increase half-life or bioavailability of above drugs