Behaviorism I
Learning through mental processes such as observation and language (i.e., watching or listening to an explanation to learn)
What is cognitive learning?
The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimulus that hears, looks, smells, feels, or tastes similar. (Pavlov)
What is discrimination?
The portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience--instead, they can be drawn through language.
What is semantic memory?
Attempting to alleviate the stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction.
What is emotion-focused coping?
The resistance to eating things that made you sick or ill – to help one get rid of an unwanted habit like smoking or drinking.
What are taste aversions?
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus triggers a conditioned response (bell, after the dog has been trained).
What is a conditioned stimulus?
When the subject is successfully anticipating after a stimulus or performing the desired behavior.
What is acquistion?
Linked events that could happen, but may not happen.
What are contingencies?
Physically/verbally aggressive or reclusive behavior.
What is antisocial behavior?
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for longer-term rewards
What is self-control?
A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
What is shaping?
Layering more stimuli by adding additionally conditioned stimuli to the already-existing conditioned stimulus.
What is high-order learning?
Associations that develop when one is accidentally rewarded in sports, or other events, in which a neutral stimulus is incorrectly associated with a reward.
What are superstitious behaviors?
Italian neuroscientists discovered these frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing imitation actions or when observing others.
What are mirror neurons?
Discovered by Albert Bandura, the process of observing and imitating a certain behavior.
What is modeling?
The stimulus that elicits responses after association with a reinforcer (in the case of the dog, the discriminative stimulus is ‘roll over’).
What is the discriminative stimulus?
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
A type of learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
What is latent learning?
A form of social learning in which which children and adults acquire and effectively apply the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary to understand and manage emotions, set and achieve positive goals, feel and show empathy for others, and make responsible decisions.
What is emotional learning?
Edward Thorndike’s concept that behaviors followed by favorable consequences became more likely, unfavorable, less likely.
What is the Law of Effect?
A schedule that einforces behavior in a seemingly unpredictable manner where the reinforcement can come in waves of frequent reinforcement or no reinforcement
What are variable-ratio schedules?
When the subject responds to a stimulus that seems similar, but is not the conditioned stimulus.
What is generalization?
The conscious moving of limbs when the automatic function has been damaged or disabled –thus showing the power of the conscious mind over bodily function.
What is biofeedback?
The altering and/or encouraging of the behavior of children, friends, family, self, or animals through the use of reinforcements and punishments.
What is behavioral modification?
The hopelessness and passive resignation of an animal or human when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
What is learned helplessness?